Download biology sol review sheet

BIOLOGY SOL REVIEW SHEET
I.
Name KEY
Scientific Investigation
Scientific Method
1 Steps of the scientific Method
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
2. ____________________- act of gathering information about a system or environment using one
or more of the five senses.
3. ____________________- a conclusion based on prior knowledge or information.
4. ____________________- “educated guess” or predicted solution to a problem
5. ____________________- factors that change and can be measured in the experiment.
____________________- the variable that you change on purpose.
____________________- the variable that changes as a result of changing the I.V.
6. ____________________- a standard against which experimental results can be measured.
7. ____________________- things that are kept the same in the experiment.
Graphing
Each graph consists of a vertical axis that intersects a horizontal axis at the _________________.
1. The ______________________ variable is recorded on the horizontal or x-axis.
2. The ______________________ variable is recorded on the vertical or y-axis.
II.
Life at the Molecular Level
Water
1. Made up of _____ hydrogen atoms covalently bonded (bonds that share electrons) to _______
oxygen atom.
2. The water molecule has a slightly negative charge and a slightly positive charge, which creates a
_________________ structure.
3. ________________________- the attraction between the positive end of one water molecule and
the negative end of another water molecule.
4. Water has a __________ specific heat which means that it takes a lot of energy to increase its
temperature.(Helps keep temp. in oceans stable and helps humans keep a normal constant body
temp.)
5. Called the __________________ solvent because it can dissolve substances to be more easily
transported throughout an organism.
6. Water molecules stick together. This property is called __________________. (this help water
move up a stem)
7. Water molecules also stick to other substances. This is called _________________.
Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates are __________________ (contain the element carbon)
a. Carbohydrates produce and store energy throughout the body.
b. ______________________- one sugar (Glucose)
______________________- two sugars (sucrose, maltose, lactose)
______________________-many sugars (cellulose, starch, glycogen)
2. Lipids are a large group of organic macromolecules that are insoluble (ex. Fats, oils, waxes)
3. Proteins are the key structural elements in living things such as cell membranes, skin, muscle,
blood, feather, fins, and fur. Special proteins called ____________________ help speed up
chemical reactions.
a. Made up of _____________ ______________ joined together by ____________ bonds.
b. ____________________ - 2 amino acids
c. ____________________- 3 or more amino acids
4. Nucleic Acids are made up of repeating units called _______________________.
a. A nucleotide consists of a ________________ , _________________, and
___________________ ___________.
b. Two types of nucleic acids are __________ and ___________.
c. ___________ - stores genetic information
d. ___________ - essential for protein synthesis.
5. Enzymes (a special group of protein)
Enzymes DO

increase the rate of reaction by lowering the reaction’s activation energy

form temporary enzyme substrate complexes

remain unaffected by the reaction
Enzymes DON’T

change in the reaction

make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all
What controls enzyme activity

concentration of the enzyme

temperature of the enzyme

acidity of the cell
pH scale 0-14
III.

7 is ______________

below 7 is ______________

above 7 is ______________
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
A. Photosynthesis
1. What is the equation?
2. ________________________ are the sites for photosynthesis.
3. Variables that affect the rate of photosynthesis are
a. light intensity
b. carbon dioxide concentration
c. temperature
B. Cellular respiration
1. What is the equation?
2. ___________________ is the organelle, which is the site for cellular respiration.
IV.
The Cell
A. Parts of the Cell theory
1.
2.
3.
B. Development of the cell theory
1. __________________- observed 1st cells from cork. Coined the term “cell”
2. __________________- observed microscopic cells from pond water
3. __________________- studied plant cells
4. __________________- studied animal cells
5. __________________- concluded that cells come from pre-existing cells.
C. ____________________ Cells – Lack a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles (ex. Bacteria)
D. ____________________ cells – have a true nucleus and organelles
E. Cellular Organelles
1. ____________________ -command center of the cell; DNA located here (chromosomes)
2. ____________________- small organelle located inside the nucleus; helps make ribosomes
3. ____________________- small organelles in the cytoplasm; makes protein
4. ____________________- transportation system of the cell.
5. ____________________- packaging and shipping center of the cell
6. ____________________- contains digestive enzymes to break down old cell parts and debris
7. ____________________- storage tank of the cell
8. ____________________- power center of the cell
9. ____________________- organelle for photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll
10. ____________________- assists in cell division
11. __________________________- medium inside cell which organelles are suspended.
12. __________________________- layer (membrane) that surrounds the cell.
13. _______________ __________- composed of cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi.
F. Plant vs. Animal Cells (how are they different?)
1.
2.
3.
G. Cell Membrane (fluid-Mosaic Model)
1. Draw what the cell membrane looks like and label the parts.
H. Transport
1. Passive Transport (does NOT require energy)
a. it is also known as _________________
b. substances move from an area of __________ concentration to __________ concentration.
c. ____________ diffusion is a unique type of passive transport in which a membrane (carrier)
protein is used to shuttle ions and molecules across the membrane.
d. _________________ is the special term applied to the movement of water molecules across
the cell membrane (as a result of diffusion)
2. Active Transport (requires energy)
a. substances move from an area of __________ concentration to ___________ concentration.
b. _________________ (cell drinking) In this process, vacuoles form at the surface of the cell
membrane. They then suck in substances on the cell surface and transport them into the cell
to be digested.
c. _________________(cell eating) a process in which large food particles are engulfed by the
cell and brought into the cell for intracellular digestion.
V.
Cell Reproduction and Genetics
A. ________________ is a process in which somatic (body) cells make identical copies of themselves.
1. During this process two things occur
a.
b.
2. Basic chromosomes information
3. Stages of mitosis
a. ________________ - chromosomes condense and become visible; nuclear membrane
disappears; centrioles begin to move away from each other.
b. ________________ - chromosomes meet in the center of the cell
c. ________________ - sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and
slowly move to opposite poles.
d. ________________ - nuclear membrane begins to form around each new set of
chromosomes; cell tears in half forming two daughter cells.
4. Types of Mitosis
a. ____________ ____________ - just like mitosis; bacteria replicate their chromosomes and
divide into two identical daughter cells.
b. _______________ - process in which little buds sprout from the parent and eventually
develop into a fully formed offspring. (ex. Yeast, hydra)
c. _________________ - organism produces spores that are released from the parent organism
into the air.
B. ______________ is a process by which sexually reproducing organisms maintain the same number
of chromosomes from generation to generation.
1. Chromosomes exist in pairs called _________________
2. When a cell has a full complement of homologues, or homologous chromosomes, it is said to be
_____________.
3. Some cells posses only ONE set of chromosomes and they are called _______________.
4. Almost all of the cells in the human body are diploid with the exception of sex cells, or gametes
which are haploid.
5. Meiosis is limited to sex cells in special sex organs called gonads. The gonads in males are the
___________, and in females, they are the ______________.
6. Meiosis involves _________ rounds of cell division.
7. Since meiosis results in the formation of gametes, it is also known as ____________________.
a. When meiosis takes place in the male gonads, it results in the production of sperm cells.
This is called ____________________________ in which four sperm cells are produced
from each parent cell.
b. In a female, an egg cell (ovum) is produced as the result of meiosis. This process is called
_____________________. This differs from meiosis in males in that only ONE ovum is
produces. The other three cells, called polar bodies, which will eventually disintegrate.
C. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis – occurs in somatic (body)cells, only one division, results in a diploid cell
Meiosis – occurs gametes (egg and sperm), cell divides twice, results in haploid cell
D. Genetics is the study of heredity.
1. Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics; studied offspring of pea plants.
2. Genetics Vocabulary
a. Each trait – an expressed characteristic – is produced by a pair of hereditary factors known as
alleles
b. Gene locus - location of genes on a chromosome
c. A gene usually consists of a pair of hereditary factors called alleles
d. An allele can be dominant or recessive.
e. The recessive trait is masked by the dominant trait.
f. Symbols for alleles : ex. T or t
g. Genotype - genetic makeup
h. Phenotype - appearance
i. Homozygous - same (pure) TT or tt
j. Heterozygous - different (Tt) hybrid
k. The 1st generation is always called the parent or P1 generation. The offspring of the P1 is
called the filial or F1 generation. Offspring of F1 is F2.
3. Mendelian Genetics
a. a monohybrid cross constitutes a study of only one trait
b. a Punnett square is nothing more than a table using letters to represent possible genotypes.
c. Law of Independent Assortment - says that each gene is inherited separately from others.
d. A dihybrid cross constitutes a study of two traits at the same time.
4. Beyond Mendelian Genetics
a. Incomplete Dominance - blending (red and white flowers produce pink flowers)
b. Codominance - see both traits (ex. AB blood type)
5. DNA Structure
a. DNA molecule is called a double helix or twisted ladder.
b. Watson and Crick first determined the double helix structure of DNA.
c. Each strand of DNA is made up of repeating subunits called nucleotide
d. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.
e. The name of the five carbon sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
f. A nucleotide in DNA can be attached to one of four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, or
cytosine
g. cytosine binds with guanine
thymine binds with adenine
This is called base pairing known as Chargoff’s base pairing rule.
6. DNA replication
DNA molecule unzips and joins with free nucleotides to make two DNA molecules
7. Proteins and the Genetic Code
a. DNA does not directly manufacture proteins, this job falls to an intermediate known as RNA
b. DNA to RNA to PROTEINS
8. Differences between DNA and RNA
a. DNA double helix; RNA single strand
b. DNA has deoxyribose sugar; RNA ribose sugar
c. DNA has thymine ; RNA has uracil
9. Types of RNA
a. messenger RNA
b. transfer RNA
c. ribosomal RNA
10. Transcription: Synthesis of mRNA
a. one strand of DNA acts as a template
b. mRNA is made in the nucleus of the cell then peels away from the DNA template
c. mRNA then moves to the ribosome
11. Translation: Protein Synthesis
a. mRNA carries the message of DNA in the form of codons which are groups of three bases.
b. mRNA finds a ribosome. This is where tRNA comes in. One end of the tRNA binds to an
amino acid. The other end, called an anticodon has three nitrogenous bases that pair up with
the bases contained in the codon.
c. Each amino acid is linked by a peptide bond to create your polypeptide (protein)
12. Mutation - a change in one or more of nucleotide bases (can occur from radiation or chemical
agents)
a. may cause a change in base or may add/delete a base
b. Point mutation – change in number or structure of chromosomes.
c. Nondisjunction - chromosomes don’t separate (ex Down’s Syndrome extra chromosome in
pair 21)
d. Translocation - chromosome pieces moved
e. Inversion - segment of chromosome inserted in reverse orientation.
f. Deletion - segment of chromosome lost
13. How to Look for Genetic Defects
a. Blood test - look at chemical in blood / urine
b. Amniocentesis - amniotic fluid taken from womb to look at fetal cells.
c. Karyotype (p122) - paired chromosomes arranged based on shape and size.
14. Genetic Disorders
a. PKU - body unable to metabolize phenylalanine
b. Sickle Cell anemia - red blood cells abnormally shaped.
c. Huntington’s disease - nervous system malfunctions due to accumulation of fat in brain.
15. Gene technology- building recombinant DNA (DNA constructed from the DNA of different
organisms
VI.
Taxonomy / Ecology
A. Seven Levels of Classification
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
B. In order to accurately classify organisms, biologists must be able to look at homologous structures
(ex. Wing of bat, arm of human, flippers of whale)
C. Eubacteria, Archaebaceria - Prokaryotic, single celled
D. Protista - Eukaryotic (protozoa, algae, slime molds) most unicellular some multi.
E. Fungi - eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell wall of chitin
F. Plantae - ALL multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall of cellulose
G. Animalia - ALL multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell wall
H. Classification of Invertebrates (Give the Correct Phylum)
1. Porifera two layers of cells with pores (sponge)
2. Cnidarians two layers of cells, hollow digestive cavity with tentacles (jellyfish, hydra)
3. Platyhleminthes three layers of cells; flat; bilateral symmetry (tapeworm, planaria, fluke)
4. Nematoda digestive system with mouth and anus; round (hookworm)
5. Annelida long, segmented body, digestive system, closed circulatory system (earthworm)
6. Mollusca soft body, hard shell (clam, snail)
7. Arthropoda segmented body; jointed legs; exoskeleton
8. Echinodermata spiny skinned; complete digestive system (starfish, sea urchin)
I.
Classification of Arthropods (Name the 5 Classes )
1. Crustaceans gills, jointed legs (crab, lobster)
2. Insecta 3 body parts, one pair antennae, 6 legs, spiracles
3. Arachnida 2 body parts; 8 legs
4. Centipedes one pair of legs per segment
5. Millipedes two pairs of legs per segment
J. Classification of Vertebrates (Give the Correct Class)
Agnatha jawless fishes
Chondricthyes fishes with skeleton of cartilage
Osteichthyes fishes with skeleton of bone
Amphibians Breath through gills, lungs, moist skin, 3 chambered heart.
Reptiles cold-blooded, scales, 3 chambered heart
Aves (birds) warm-blooded, wings, 4 chambered heart
Mammalia warm-blooded, hair, milk to feed young.
K. Classification of Plants
1. Nonvascular plants - no true roots, stems, and leaves
2. Vascular plants - true roots, stems, and leaves. (contain vascular system)
Naming Organisms:
Always use the scientific name
Example: humans are called Homo sapiens
Homo - genus
sapiens - species
L. Fossils provide the most direct evidence that evolution has occurred (ex. Bones, shells, footprints)
M. Evolution
1. Gradualism - Darwin model which suggests that evolution is a slow, gradual and continuous
process.
2. Punctuated Equilibrium - long periods of no physical change followed by short periods of abrupt
change.
3. evolution - process by which genetically distinct species arise as a result of accumulation of
adaptations over time.
4. Species - population of organisms that can interbreed.
5. Evidence for Evolution
1. fossil record
2. homologous structures
3. vestigial structure
4. radioactive dating
5. observed natural selection
6. comparative embryology
6. Darwin’s Ideas (page 280)
1._________________________________ 2._____________________________
3. ________________________________ 4._____________________________
5.________________________________
VII.
6._____________________________
Ecology
A. Ecology - the study of organisms and their interactions with the environment.
B. Ecology Vocabulary
1. Population -group of organisms of the same species that live together in a particular location.
2. Community - all of the populations living together in a specific location
3. Ecosystem - the community of organisms in an area, as well as the nonliving factors of the
environment.
4. Bioshpere - all the living and non-living portions of the earth that sustain life.
5. Abiotic - non-living factors
6. Biotic - living factors
7. autotrophs - produce own food (photosynthesis)
8. heterotrophs - get food from other organisms
a. Herbivores - plant eaters
b. carnivores - meat eaters
predators - hunt for food
detritivores - eat animals that are already dead
c. Ominvores - eat both plants and animals
9. Symbiosis - two organisms living together with close nutritional relationship
a. commensalism - one organism benefits, one unaffected (shark/remora)
b. Mutualism - both organisms benefit (lichen)
c. Parasitism - one organism benefits one is harmed (flea/cat)
10. Carbon Dioxide – Oxygen Cycle : Respiration and Photosynthesis
11. Nitrogen Cycle (textbook page 352)
12. Water Cycle (textbook page 351)
13. Food Chain - linear transfer of energy through an ecosystem from producer to final consumer
14. Produces its own nutrients - autotrophs
15. Obtains food from eating other organisms - heterotrophs
Primary consumers – omnivore or herbivore
Secondary consumers – eat primary consumers (carnivore or omnivore)
16. Decomposers - break down organic wastes and the remains of dead into simpler substances that
can be used by other organisms.
17. Food Web - complex interactions of a number of food chains within an ecosystem
18. Succession - replacement of one community by another over time
Pioneer species = first plants to populat21e an area (lichen)
Climax community = highest level community an area can support
19. Niche - species specific role in the environment
20. Habitat - where an organism lives
21. Biome - a large region of earth characterized by certain climate conditions
22. Carrying capacity - maximum number of individuals of a species that a given geographic region
can support indefinitely
VIII. Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
A. Lamarack said that giraffes had long necks because they were constantly reaching for higher leaves
while feeding and that future giraffes would have longer necks as a result (law of use and disuse)
B. Charles Darwin proposed theory of natural selection
C. Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions that are carried out in an organism.
D. Homeostasis ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
Major Scientists
Pasteur – experiments supported the germ theory of disease and was best known to the for inventing a method to stop milk
and wine from causing sickness - this process came to be called Pasteurization
Leeuwenhoek – first to observe living cells; named them “animalcules”
Redi – disproved the notion of spontaneous generation with an experiment involving rotting meat
Hooke – first to observe cells under a microscope
Virchow – stated that all cells come from other cells
Schleiden – discovered that all plants are made of cells
Schwann – discovered that all animals are made of cells
Franklin & Wilkins – used X-ray diffraction photographs to help discover the structure of DNA
Hershey & Chase – discovered that DNA was the genetic (hereditary) material
Waston & Crick – discovered the double helix structure of DNA
Griffith - Frederick Griffith (c. 1879 - 1941) was a British medical officer and geneticist. In 1928, in what is today known
as Griffith's experiment, he discovered what he called a transforming principle, which is today known to be DNA.All
modern molecular biology has evolved from this discovery
Chargraff – nitrogen base pairing rules
Darwin – wrote the book “On the Origin of the Species” which dealt with the idea that evolution has occurred through the
process of natural selection
Linnaeus – father of taxonomy; developed binomial nomenclature
Lamarck – developed the Use/Disuse theory (dealing with acquired characteristics being passed down to offspring) which
was later disproved
Mendel – father of genetics; used pea plants to study inheritance
Suffix
Prefix Terms
Di- two
-ology – study of
Tri- three
Hemo- blood
Poly- many
Homo- same
Cyto- cell
Hetero- different
-Saccaride sugar
Pro- primary
Bi- two
Eu- true
Mono- one
Bio- life
Hyper- above or beyond
Hypo- under or below normal
Epi- above
Auto- self
Phyta – plants or algae
Anti- against
Syn- together
Iso- equal
-plasm a thing formed
Endo- inside of
Exo- out of
Mycota- name for the kingdom Fungi
Photo- light
Archae- ancient
-ase enzyme
Phage- eat
Chloro- green
Gastro- stomach