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Rome’s Geography and beginnings Central Mediterranean Italian Peninsula Along the Tiber River Mountainous Alps separate Italy from Europe Romulus and Remus • Sons of war god Mars • Brothers fought over where to build city (Tiber River) • Romulus kills Remus • Rome was named for Romulus Rome Republic • • • In place of a Monarchy. Voters elect officials to run the state. Adult male citizens could vote Consul • Two who ruled with equal power (like our Executive Branch) • Commanded military and government offices • Could overrule one another • Veto- reject legislation • Term lasted 1 year – no experience needed • Elected by the Senate Consul discussing an earthquake Senate • 300 members, advised elected officials, controlled public finances, handled all foreign relations • Advisory body to the consul • Wealthy aristocrats • Lifetime appointment – because of their stability and experience *Assembly • Popular assemblies: in these all citizens voted on laws, elected officials • Tribunes- elected officials to represent the Plebeians • Spoke for the people Forum • Public meeting place • the public square and site of the most important government buildings and temples. • All political decisions took place here Dictator • Total rule during times of crisis • No more than six months • Death is a result of anyone who declares themselves dictator for life 12-Tables • 450 BC, plebeians forced patricians to have all laws written down • Laws displayed in Roman Forum, central square, on 12 large bronze tablets • Because laws were posted, patrician judges could not make decisions based on own opinions or secret laws • People never had any doubts about what the laws were. Roman Citizenship consisted of different classes: Plebeians- Roman workers, farmers, and artisans Patricians- Wealthy land owners Proletariat- Poorest of Romans (largest population) Slaves- captured/conquered people of Roman Empire Gladiator games Punic Wars • Between Carthage and Rome • rival for control of the Mediterranean • City-state in North Africa – modern day Tunisia • 3 wars total Phoenician sea port in the Mediterranean First • A 23 year battle for Sicily • Rome gained control of Sicily • Carthage agrees to give up all lands they control in Sicily • • • • • Second Rome gains control of Spain and western Mediterranean islands Hannibal –military general who was raised to hate Rome by his father Crossed Alps with war elephants and terrorized Italy One victory led to the death of 70,000 Romans! When Carthage was threatened, he returned to Carthage but killed himself rather than be taken prisoner. • • • • • Third Carthage is no longer a threat to Rome But Romans HATED Carthage. This is all Rome needs to begin a final assault on Carthage. Rome destroyed and salted Carthage to prohibit land use (maybe). Expanded the Roman Empire into the Northern region of Africa and up into Spain. Julius Caesar • Roman senator and general • 59 B.C. Consul • 58 – 50 B.C Conquers Gaul Caesar, Crassus and Pompey 1st Triumvirate • One of Caesar’s biggest rivals was another general called Pompey • The Senate disliked Caesar and supported Pompey – they ordered Caesar to get rid of his army • Caesar ignored them and defeated Pompey in battle • Caesar then took over Rome as ‘Dictator for Life’ Caesar’s Reform • Made sweeping public works programs to create more jobs • Gave us the 365 day calendar • Expanded Roman Citizenship Codified laws – • took decades old laws and organized them to make them apply fairly and consistently to all citizens • Senate troubled by his ambition and disregard for the law Rome’s first absolute ruler • ENDED the Rome Republic. • This is treachery and leads to death. • Assassinated on Senate steps by a group of senators. The Murder • 15th March 44BC Caesar gets ready to go to the senate • More than 60 conspirators wait for Caesar in the Senate • The conspirators, all senators, are led by Brutus and Cassius • With daggers concealed under their togas they murder Caesar, stabbing him at least 23 times • Caesar says to his friend Brutus “E’tu”(‘You, too, my child.’) Why was Caesar murdered? • Turn to pages 161-162 of your textbook • Read and write down any reasons Assessment Your Task – write a newspaper front page article reporting on the murder of Julius Caesar Include • Headline • Visual of event (picture) • what happened and why it happened (at least 100 words) Roman Times 16 March 44BC JULIUS CAESAR DEAD GEEZER! Octavian/Augustus (exalted one)– 27 B.C. • Caesar’s nephew and adopted son. • 2nd Triumvirate • Defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in a civil war. • Became Rome’s first emperor. • Began Pax Romana – peace and prosperity. • Lasted 207 years from 27 B.C – A.D. 180 • Improved roads and aqueducts. • Beautification programs. • Marble facing on buildings. *Christianity • Jesus is the son of God • Stressed the importance of love for God, neighbors and enemies • Missionaries will help spread the word of God after Jesus dies. Constantine I • Embraces and adopts Christianity as the official religion • Moves the capital city from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople) • Set up church Hierarchy (Pope, Cardinal, Bishop, Priest) Empire Splits Moving the capital from Rome to Byzantium created an Eastern (Byzantine) Empire and Western (Roman) Empire. Split in the Catholic Church • • • • In the West, the Pope was the head of the Church In the East, the Emperor of Constantinople was the most powerful church leader. Byzantines differed from the Western Christian Church on issues of religious practices. Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Reasons for the Fall of Rome: • 476 AD • Rome’s Boundaries spread to far - political instability/ assassinations – not enough troops to man posts – not enough money to pay troops • Germanic Barbarians attacked western borders and weakened military defenses • The gap between rich and poor became to great - unjust legal systems - Natural Disaster Roman Achievements Aqueducts • long bridge like structures that carried water to more populated areas • public baths *Roads “all roads lead to Rome” Roads • long lasting surfaces not just dirt. • concrete (sand and rock). • can be seen over 2,000 years later in parts of Europe. Architecture • Glorified the government not the gods. • *Arch • Gave us the dome we see in architecture even today. • Concrete • Concerned with the rights of ordinary citizens and not just the elite. All people had right to equal treatment • Innocent until proven guilty • Punished for actions not thoughts • Unreasonable laws could be set aside Roman Law Justinian and the Byzantine Empire • Strong Central Government • Strong, well-trained military with advanced technology. • kept the Romans codification of laws and the Hagia Sophia, Christianity’s oldest church • Constantinople was a successful commercial trade center. • Gradually weakened by constant battle with Persia • • Ottoman Empire After Justinian died, the Empire was threatened by outside powers including the Turks (an Asian nomadic people) in 1000 A.D. By the 1300’s the Ottomans had begun to move into the Balkans, capturing Constantinople and finally ending the Byzantine Empire. • Many People in the surrounding regions welcomed the conquerors. • The Ottoman’s Muslim beliefs were challenged by the Crusades in the Middle Ages.