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ORIENT ACADEMIC FORUM A Research on the Low-carbon Economy and Low-carbon Tourism HU Yingchun, REN Chenghao School of Business Administration, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China, 114051 [email protected] Abstract: since the late 20th century. Low-carbon economy appeared, then quickly swept the world. It is not only a new slogan for human beings to protect the earth, but also the human’s health life for the pursuit of people in the post-industrial era, and the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable development. The so-called low-carbon tourism is the green tourism which to borrow the concept of low-carbon economy, with low power consumption, low pollution. It not only provided the new demands for the development of tourism resources planning, but also put forward the specific demands for tourists and the whole tour process. It requires through every aspect of food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment to reflect energy conservation and pollution reduction, with action to explain the building of harmonious society, economy and civil society. Keywords: Low- carbon Economy, sustainable development, Low-carbon tourism 1 Introduction With the process of the construction of human ecological civilization, low-carbon economy are increasingly affecting and inducing human productive and consumptive patterns. Low-carbon economy was launched in the UK, and then gradually accepted by the world. In fact, low-carbon economy is to mitigate global climate change, deal with the energy crisis, the human advocated a "low power consumption, low pollution, low emissions and high efficacy, high efficiency, high benefit" sustainable economic development model. The core philosophy of low-carbon economy development is “to less carbon emissions, to gain greater economic, environmental and social benefits”, that is,” rely on the technology innovation and policy measures and implement an energy revolution to establish a less greenhouse gas emissions economic development patterns”. Global climate warming, energy security and industrial upgrading are the main driver of the low-carbon economy. Low-carbon economy is a new breakthrough for the human to face global climate change, practice the sustainable development concept, seek ecological model of economic development. It "rejected the 21 century traditional growth model, using the new century innovation technologies and innovation systems, through the low carbon economy mode and low-carbon lifestyle, to realize the sustainable development ". Tourism related to "transportation, residence, food, travel, shopping, entertainment, marketing, environment" and many other aspects, is a comprehensive stage of human material, spiritual and ecological civilization. It can be a cutting edge of low carbon economic development model. Over the years, from the change path of tourism development method, we experienced sustainable tourism theory, the practice of eco-tourism, and still continue to explore the basic principles and the method of sustainable tourism and eco-tourism. For example, tourism resource development can not bring disaster to the interests of future generations; travel experience should protect natural and cultural heritage resources, the implementation of the least disturb to the natural ecology and spices resources system ; tourism interests share should carry out the fair and square principle and take into account different stakeholders concerns; tourism development should keep the pace to the times, with the ability to respond to crises and changes. Implementing the concept of sustainable tourism development, promoting eco-tourism practices, making great progress in the concept of "number management, quality control, district improvement, environmental governance and crisis response" in tourism area, and 665 ORIENT ACADEMIC FORUM formed the "eco-tourism label area", "tourism brand label area." This has great prominence in the international field. China has China Tourism basic national conditions. While in the practice of promoting green tourism, eco-tourism, have been or are being made considerable progress, but most tourists, tour operators and tourism manager who has just begun to know the “carbon emission”. Individual media even launched a "developing low-carbon travel experience at the expense of travel experience quality" discuss. Therefore, advocating low-carbon travel, explore new approaches has naturally become the important tourism way. 2 The Interpretation and Birth of a Low Carbon Economy 2.1 The Birth of the Concept of the Low- carbon economy In 1972 the Rome Club published "The Limits to Growth", the first time to think about the high energy consumption and high pollution traditional industrial civilization and the development mode of high-carbon economy. Kyoto, Japan in 1997 put through an international treaty “Kyoto Protocol” to control the emissions of greenhouse gas by the legal, it brought the formation of the low-carbon economy concept. 2003 UK Energy White Paper "Our future energy advanced the low carbon economy --- as a new concept. For the target of the emissions of CO2 reduce by 20% from 1990 to 2020 and 50% to 2050, British government optimized energy structure, vigorously developed renewable energy; adjusted energy policy, collected climate change and energy products tax; emphasized on technology innovation, developed low carbon energy technologies; reduced the energy and carbon comprehensively. promote home energy efficiency, promote thermal insulation buildings materials to reduce receive energy-saving; to promote energy-saving lamps, LED green lighting, out of incandescent lighting to achieve energy efficiency; to buy energy-saving appliances, such as energy-saving air-conditioning, energy saving refrigerators, energy-saving washing machines, energy-saving computer and so on, to achieve energy-saving appliances; to promote hybrid cars, encourage the use of bicycle travel to receive a low-carbon transport. 2.2 The Interpretation of the Concept of the Low-carbon Economy The so-called low-carbon economy is with low power consumption, low pollution-based green economy. Its core is based on the market mechanism, through institutional framework and policy development and innovation, to form a clear, stable and long time encourage, promote energy efficiency technologies, energy conservation technologies, renewable energy technologies and greenhouse gas emission reduction technology development and use, and promote the model transition towards energy efficiency, low energy consumption and carbon emissions. 2.3 The Impact for the Macroeconomic Economy of the Future World 2.3.1 Carbon emissions as a new identity for measuring the human economic development Carbon emissions, from the surface is the reflection of human energy use patterns and level, but in essence, is a new identity of human economic development mode. Agricultural Society is essentially a low-carbon society; industrial society is essentially a high-carbon society. The results show that in the long history of agricultural society, the greenhouse gases (CO2) concentration has been stabilized at 280PPM, the concentration play a balancing role for the earth atmospheric temperature changes. Since the first industrial revolution, greenhouse gases (CO2) concentration has been rapidly rising (IPCC, 2000). With the support of the fossil energy system, the human formed the thermal power, petrochemical, iron and steel, building materials, non-ferrous metals industry, and thus derived from cars, ships, aviation and other industries, these high-energy consumption industries can be called high-carbon industry that fossil energy-intensive industries. It found that on the one hand, the development and use of fossil fuels has changed the human form and level of economic development, was a evaluation identity of material and human wealth; on the other hand, the scale and speed of the use of fossil energy were line-related to the growth of CO2 emissions, and are affecting the internal balance of earth's natural 666 ORIENT ACADEMIC FORUM ecological systems. Therefore, the fossil energy consumption, CO2 emissions and concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere is a new identity to measure the level of economic development. 2.3.2 Becoming an international political issue Before the Bali General Assembly, low-carbon economy has already lot of heated discussions, the "Stern Report", U.S. "An Inconvenient Truth" filmed by Vice President Al Gore as well as more than 4000 scientists from the over world completed IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on Climate Change, unanimous become the scientific hypothesis that in the early 1896, Cornelius's "fossil fuel combustion will increase atmospheric concentrations of CO2, which cause global warming" to a political proposition that "only to the 2050 , controlling level of the CO2 concentration in atmospheric within 2 times less than in pre-industrial level, it may avoid the extreme consequences of climate change." For such a conclusion, the politicians say "climate change" has been confirmed by the scientists, but scientists said the conclusions of science have been recognized by the politicians, thus, the scientists and politicians reached a high degree of consensus in the "climate change" issue. To this end, the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Vice President Al Gore and IPCC Expert Group who concentrated on this issue. 2.3.3 Low-carbon economy is another major rule in the world development process Modern history of world civilization has formed two and a half rules every country must comply with. The first is the United Nations Charter. The second is the GATT. The third is half the rules, now only take half a step, but it will eventually become the third rule, which is "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change." The content, principles and basic content is still under negotiated, but it has become the prototype, that is to clear the "common, but differentiated responsibilities of global climate change." 2.3.4 Low carbon economy provides long-term direction for the international community December 1997, 149 countries and territories under the UN framework recognized legally binding international treaty "Kyoto Protocol" which becomes a global institutional arrangement to control the CO2 emissions. It gives the goal of reducing emissions to the "industrialized" countries, companies within a specific time. This landmark paper also provides three kinds of flexible mechanisms to reduce emissions: "international emissions trading", "joint implementation" and "Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)". 3 The Interpretation of A Low-Carbon Tourism 3.1 The Concept of the low-carbon tourism Low-carbon tourism is a new tourism mode created under the context of a low carbon economy; the low-carbon tourism is the goal of sustainable tourism development. So called low carbon travel is to borrow the concept of low-carbon economy, with low power consumption, low pollution-based green tourism. It not only put forward the new demands for the development and planning of tourism resources, but also put forward the specific demands for tourists and the whole tour process. It requires through food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment to reflect every aspect of energy conservation, pollution reducing, with action to explain the building of the harmonious, economy and civil society. 3.2 The Significance of the low-carbon tourism To relieve global climate change and realize sustainable development, low-carbon economy is becoming a new development trend, and growing influence and induce the change of the human production and consumption patterns. Tourism, as one of today's most important industry, in response to the low-carbon economic development, is a necessary requirement of the human development, improves the tourism quality, and attains greater economic, environmental and social benefits. The “low carbon” in the express of the low- carbon tourism means the lower or lower travel carbon emissions, which in fact implies the "zero carbon" meaning. Low-carbon tourism focus on the greenhouse gas emissions control in the tourism development, that is, through the development of low 667 ORIENT ACADEMIC FORUM carbon tourist traffic, low-carbon tourism accommodation, low-carbon tourism meal and low-carbon tourism activities and so on, reducing the greenhouse gas emissions volume. Low-carbon tourism, based on the characteristics of the control of the greenhouse gas emissions, has important practical significance for the human sustainable development in the ecological and civilized age. According to the study of the" Climate Change and Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges" published by World Tourism Organization in 2008, in 2005, for example, the volume of CO2 emissions of tourism development reached the 1.3 billion tons (mainly from tourist traffic, tourism accommodation and tourism activities, 3 aspects), accounting for 419% of all CO2 emissions from human activities, but in human-induced global warming contribution, the entire tourism sector accounted for 5% to 14%, although this is not a significant proportion currently, if maintaining the current development approach and tourism growth rate, according the prediction, by 2035 CO2 emissions from the tourism sector will increase 152%, and the entire tourism sector's contribution rate to global warming will increased 188%. Clearly, the growing trend of the tourism sector contributed to global warming, is contrary to the future of the international community on climate change control strategy, because according to the latest IPCC report prediction that the global greenhouse gas emissions in the future 10 to 15 years after the peak will be gradually reduced to half the 2000 level until the middle of this century. Therefore, controlling greenhouse in gas emissions tourism development, developing low-carbon tourism, is imperative. The tourism industry seizes the strategic high ground of Low-carbon development. Developing the low-carbon tourism is the concrete action for the tourism industry to respond to "the international Framework Convention on Climate Change", maintain the sustainable development of human society, which reflects the concern of the tourism development of human well-being, social equity, ecological security and other issues related to sustainable human development consistent responsibilities and mission, demonstrates the highest values to benefit the mankind. 4 The Approach of the Low-Carbon Tourism 4.1 Establishing the concept of a low carbon Firstly, following the industrial age way. Post-industrial era is the way that abandoned industrial age practices, gave out of extensive development mode, and maintained its eco-environment to develop the social economics. Secondly, the "God oriented tourism development". Travel service is oriented by the people, but the tourism-oriented development should be guided by God. Thirdly, the social heritage is the best low-carbon tourism resources. The United Nations, " Convention of protect the World Cultural and Natural Heritage " carry out specific "hard" protection to the main object, such as artifacts, buildings, sites, natural areas, etc., and "soft" legacy mostly been mercilessly ignored. Social heritage is a "soft" legacy, which is different from the non-material cultural heritage, but a Living Heritage. 4.2 Promoting the low-carbon behavior As stakeholders, such as tourists, tourism developers, tourism enterprises, tourism managers should be low-carbon in the behavior. Tourists should form a healthy, ecological and sustainable way to travel. Tourism developers do not do the "hard" development for the natural attractions, to do a "soft" development. "More use, less development" is the principle, selective development of low-carbon tourism resources and less economic development tickets. Tourism enterprises are to provide low-carbon-based tourism products to tourists, and establish the "carbon offsetting scheme". They can make carbon offsets according to reducing the Emissions volume of the carbon as well as planting. Travel managers are mainly controlled the number of visitors, and made "low carbon" education to visitor, through visitor management, scenic area management to achieve low-carbon. 668 ORIENT ACADEMIC FORUM 4.3 Creating low-carbon tourism products The traditional hotel industry, transportation, scenic and so on discharged the carbon dioxide in different forms, environmental tourism products should be designed to build low-carbon tourism products system, food, housing, transportation, travel, entertainment, shopping and so on should vigorously implement the "low Carbon tourism "travel philosophy, promote energy conservation, green consumption. Firstly, in the tourist meal, try to use local ingredients, choose the green food, organic food, avoid the use of disposable tableware, and promote the use of dinner buffet form. Secondly, in the tourist hotels, low- carbon hotels should be build on the concept of green hotels, such as rating "low-carbon five-star hotel", with new energy-saving technologies, reduce energy consumption, implement the waste separation, reduce the frequency of cotton replacement and room cleaning, and reduce the "six small pieces" and so on. Thirdly, in the tourist traffic, the tourists may use more traditional means of transport, select the foot, pass through and camp etc. strong experience tourism modes. They also control the vehicles’ enter to same spot within the same time, prohibit outside vehicles, scenic private cars, official cars and taxis to enter, adopt environmentally friendly cars, battery car, animal-drawn carts, rickshaws and other modes of transport and less pollution in travel and tourism scenic spots to protect the ecological environment. Fourthly, in tourism the way, the achievement of the low-carbon depends on the realization of low carbon tourist attractions. The development and management of the scenic spots should be created on the concept of the low-carbon, and Government Through advocacy, guidance to encourage tourists choose low carbon tourism way. Fifthly, in tourism shopping, try to buy the original ecological goods and resist excessive packaging, complex designed travel products. Lastly, in tourism entertainment, we should reduce the development of large-scale Virtual and cultural performing arts class, to vigorously develop the original ecology and authentic local cultural tourism projects. 4.4 Building low-carbon industry system Comprehensive, complexity, and strong association reflects the strong tourism drive, which is why the tourism industry needs low-carbon tourism industry and related industries, the external support system to build low-carbon tourism industry system. From a single low-carbon development of the tourism industry to the linkage development and finally to the development of regional economic integrated low-carbon, the achievement of the tourism industry low-carbon path, the constitutes of the industrial chain of the organic linkage, good industrial system on every aspect of saving energy and reducing work arrangements, the overall promotion of the realization of low-carbon travel. 5 Conclusion Tourism industry response to the national "energy conservation" policy, to develop "low-carbon tourism", and vigorously promote low-carbon way to travel, to promote the sustainable development of tourism industry, conform to the tourism industry's future trends. References [1]. Cai Meng, Wang Yuming. Low-carbon Tourism: A New Mode of Tourism Development [J]. Tourism Tribune, 2010(1), pp. 13-17. (in Chinese) [2]. Cai Meng, Wang Yuming. Low-carbon Tourism: A New Mode of sustainable Tourism Development [C].the abstract booklet of China Geographical Society Centenary, 2009. pp. 110. 669 ORIENT ACADEMIC FORUM [3]. Wang Yan. Low carbon tourism: the necessary choice of the tourism development [N]. China Tourism News, 2010.4.14, pp. 11. (in Chinese) [4]. Wei Xiaoan. Low carbon economy and low carbon tourism [N]. China Tourism News, 2009.11.30, pp. 2. (in Chinese) 670