Download Module 0: Foundations in Medicine Don Smyth & Cindy Ellison

Module 0: Foundations in
Medicine
Don Smyth & Cindy Ellison
Title of presentation
umanitoba.ca
Introduction to the course:
Discuss how science is the foundation of modern
medicine
a
It provides an explanation for transitions from
healthy state to a diseased state
It provides the rationale for treatment and
management of diseases
Overview:
Part 1: approx. 25 hr
Normal structure and function of molecules, cells and
tissues
Importance of homeostasis
Part 2: approx. 20 hr
Cellular responses to perturbations in homeostasis
and some of the possible consequences.
Role of genetics in health & disease
Part 3: approx. 15-20 hr
Exogenous factors that threaten health, such as
pathogens and toxins.
Natural mechanisms of resistance, overview of
innate and acquired immunity.
Part 1:
Introduction will include a discussion of the meaning
of homeostasis, perturbation, adaption, etc.
1.1 Structure & Function of Cellular Components:
Basic structural components of the cell and their
major functions
Basic structure and function of organelles
1.2 Types of Cells:
Muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial, hematopoietic
(include enough here to understand inflammation that
follows).
1.3 Cell-Cell Communication
Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, contact-dependent,
receptor-mediated, role of second messengers
Feedback as a regulatory mechanism
1.4 Cellular Metabolism
Carbohydrates and fats as energy sources
Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism; anabolism vs.
catabolism
Glycolysis, oxidation, TCA cycle, oxidative
phosphorylation
1.5 Cellular Proteins and Enzymes
Amino acids – structure, function; essential vs.
non-essential
Proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure
Protein functions – structural, enzymatic,
signaling, G proteins, include role of enzymatic
deficiencies in disease
1.6 Processes of Cellular Intake & Output
Endocytosis, exocytosis
Active, passive and receptor-mediated transport
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion,osmosis
Hydrostatic pressure, osmolality, osmolarity, osmotic
pressure, tonicity, movement of electrical impulses;
action potentials
1.7 Cellular Reproduction
Cell cycle
Growth factors
Regulation of cell survival
Part 2: Mechanisms Underlying the Development
of Disease
Begin with an introduction to sampling of the human body for
the investigation of pathological changes
2.1 Sample Types and types of information gained:
Fluids such as blood, urine, etc.
Cells and tissues by biopsy – how they are preserved
and stained so pathological changes and features
can be visualized by microscopy
Whole body imaging –basic explanation of the
principles underlying imaging techniques e.g. xrays,
MRI, CT, etc.
2.2 Altered Cell & Tissue Biology
cellular adaptation, injury and death
inflammation, resolution and tissue repair
neoplasia (introduction to major concepts in cancer
development)
2.3 Role of Genetics in Health & Disease
DNA structure & function
Replication, transcription, translation
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis
Gene regulation
gene expression, genotype/phenotype,epigenetics
Genetic variation
polymorphisms, haplotyes, linkage, mutation,
DNA repair
Genetic diseases
chromosomal abnormalities, single/multigenic diseases
Transmission of genetic diseases
pedigrees, traditional & non-traditional patterns of
inheritance
Genes and the environment
Genomic medicine
personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics
Part 3. Exogenous Factors the May Threaten
Human Health and Our Ability to Defend
3.1 Pathogens and their Role in Disease
Normal human microbiota
Infectious principles and pathogenesis of infection
Pathogens –viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites;
include concept of resistance
3.2 Toxins and their role in disease
Chemicals
Bacterial toxins
Drug toxicities
3.3. Immunity
Natural/physical defenses to “danger signals”
Innate immune responses
•Antigen recognition
•Cell types, development and functions in innate
responses
Acquired immune responses
Antigen recognition T vs. B cells
Cell mediated vs. humoral immune responses
Other cell types, development and functions in
acquired responses
Primary vs. secondary responses
Dysregulation of the immune system
Hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
Immune deficiency
The following are topics that might be included,
depended on whether they will be covered in the
subsequent modules (more course time would be
required):
Human Development
gametogenesis, meiosis, development of
embryo and fetus
Drug Metabolism
Title of presentation
umanitoba.ca