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Transcript
Module 0: Foundations in Medicine Don Smyth & Cindy Ellison Title of presentation umanitoba.ca Introduction to the course: Discuss how science is the foundation of modern medicine a It provides an explanation for transitions from healthy state to a diseased state It provides the rationale for treatment and management of diseases Overview: Part 1: approx. 25 hr Normal structure and function of molecules, cells and tissues Importance of homeostasis Part 2: approx. 20 hr Cellular responses to perturbations in homeostasis and some of the possible consequences. Role of genetics in health & disease Part 3: approx. 15-20 hr Exogenous factors that threaten health, such as pathogens and toxins. Natural mechanisms of resistance, overview of innate and acquired immunity. Part 1: Introduction will include a discussion of the meaning of homeostasis, perturbation, adaption, etc. 1.1 Structure & Function of Cellular Components: Basic structural components of the cell and their major functions Basic structure and function of organelles 1.2 Types of Cells: Muscle, nerve, connective, epithelial, hematopoietic (include enough here to understand inflammation that follows). 1.3 Cell-Cell Communication Endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, contact-dependent, receptor-mediated, role of second messengers Feedback as a regulatory mechanism 1.4 Cellular Metabolism Carbohydrates and fats as energy sources Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism; anabolism vs. catabolism Glycolysis, oxidation, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation 1.5 Cellular Proteins and Enzymes Amino acids – structure, function; essential vs. non-essential Proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure Protein functions – structural, enzymatic, signaling, G proteins, include role of enzymatic deficiencies in disease 1.6 Processes of Cellular Intake & Output Endocytosis, exocytosis Active, passive and receptor-mediated transport Diffusion, facilitated diffusion,osmosis Hydrostatic pressure, osmolality, osmolarity, osmotic pressure, tonicity, movement of electrical impulses; action potentials 1.7 Cellular Reproduction Cell cycle Growth factors Regulation of cell survival Part 2: Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Disease Begin with an introduction to sampling of the human body for the investigation of pathological changes 2.1 Sample Types and types of information gained: Fluids such as blood, urine, etc. Cells and tissues by biopsy – how they are preserved and stained so pathological changes and features can be visualized by microscopy Whole body imaging –basic explanation of the principles underlying imaging techniques e.g. xrays, MRI, CT, etc. 2.2 Altered Cell & Tissue Biology cellular adaptation, injury and death inflammation, resolution and tissue repair neoplasia (introduction to major concepts in cancer development) 2.3 Role of Genetics in Health & Disease DNA structure & function Replication, transcription, translation Purine and pyrimidine synthesis Gene regulation gene expression, genotype/phenotype,epigenetics Genetic variation polymorphisms, haplotyes, linkage, mutation, DNA repair Genetic diseases chromosomal abnormalities, single/multigenic diseases Transmission of genetic diseases pedigrees, traditional & non-traditional patterns of inheritance Genes and the environment Genomic medicine personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics Part 3. Exogenous Factors the May Threaten Human Health and Our Ability to Defend 3.1 Pathogens and their Role in Disease Normal human microbiota Infectious principles and pathogenesis of infection Pathogens –viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites; include concept of resistance 3.2 Toxins and their role in disease Chemicals Bacterial toxins Drug toxicities 3.3. Immunity Natural/physical defenses to “danger signals” Innate immune responses •Antigen recognition •Cell types, development and functions in innate responses Acquired immune responses Antigen recognition T vs. B cells Cell mediated vs. humoral immune responses Other cell types, development and functions in acquired responses Primary vs. secondary responses Dysregulation of the immune system Hypersensitivity Autoimmunity Immune deficiency The following are topics that might be included, depended on whether they will be covered in the subsequent modules (more course time would be required): Human Development gametogenesis, meiosis, development of embryo and fetus Drug Metabolism Title of presentation umanitoba.ca