Download The Rise of Islam - Galena Park ISD Moodle

The Rise of
Islam
622 c.e. to 1450 c.e.
Calligraphy says, “Salam.”
Mohammed
 Last Prophet
 God spoke to him
 Fled to Medina in
622 starting the
Islamic calendar
(hijra)
Beliefs of Islam
Kabba in
Mecca
 Monotheistic
 5 Pillars of Faith
 Do you know them?
 Koran (Quŕan)
 No pork
 No alcohol
 No gambling
 Kabba
 Mosque
 Men & Women separate
 Minaret
Men
and
Women
in
Islam
Men
Women
 Make all major decisions
 Can have 4 wives
 Divorce is easy
 Women lost rights as
Islam spread east
 Often secluded in the
home
 Fewer education
opportunities
 Often have restrictive
dress code
 Divorce nearly
impossible
Concepts in Islam
 Hadith – the deeds and speeches of
Mohammed
 Imam – religious leader chosen by age or
status
 Jihad – struggle of the heart, mind and hand
 Mullah – local religious leader
Jihad in Islam
 The Word “Jihad” means
 to struggle or strive
 Levels of JihadStruggle to improve yourself
 Struggle against evil in society
 Struggle on the battlefield
 Valid reasons for Jihad on the battlefieldSelf Defense
 To remove human tyranny, oppression, and persecution
SPRITES
Setting
 By 750, the Islamic
Empire stretched
from India to Spain
 Agriculture Varied by
climate and soil type
 Controlled
transportation routes
 By 1450, the empire
was smaller but still
influential
Cordoba, Spain
Delhi, India
Politics
 Caliphs were religious and
political leaders
 Sultans were political leaders
 Strong armies
 Religious and secular
authority
 Had extensive bureaucracies
 Crusades weaken caliphates
and Empire fragments
 Saladin leads Mamluks
(slave army made up of
European Slavs) against
crusaders
 Mamluks then seize power in
Egypt after the death of
Saladin.
First Crusade
 Islam unifies the
Empire
 Islam is a religion
and a way of life
 Islamic Law
 Islam splits between
Sunni and Shiite
 Religious leaders can
be anyone
 Religious leaders
must be descendants
of Mohammed
Religion
Innovations
 Medicine
 Prescription drugs
 surgery
 Mathematics
 Algebra
 Literature
 Poetry
 calligraphy
 Art
 Architecture
 arabesque
 Libraries
Technology






Steel
Used arch and dome
Cotton textiles
Glass
Irrigation (Qanats)
Drained swampland
Economy
 Agriculture was important in
areas with good climates
 Merchants VERY important
 Trade Networks
 Silk Road
 Indian Ocean Routes
 Saharan Camel Routes
 Systems to transfer money




Banking and Branch Banking
Checks
Credit
Currency Exchange
 Economic controls
 Worker and Craft Guilds
(quality regulation)
 Price Regulation
Society

Social Mobility
 Based on education and
achievements

Tax on Non-Muslims
 “People of the Book” not
persecuted

Women were spiritually equal but
not secularly equal.
 Seclusion
 Veiling (purdah)

Slavery
 Only enslave non-Muslims
 Slaves could buy freedom
 Children of slaves who converted
were freed

Merchants were honored
(Mohammed was a merchant)
Why did Islam Spread?
 Motivation for Bedouins
 Gives them an excuse to raid their enemies
 United them and broke clan/family ties
 Polygyny allowed
Why Did Islam Spread?
 Military Success
 Bravery was a culture
trait of the Bedouins of
Arabia
 Organization and
Mobility (horse)
 Superior military tactics
 Persian and Byzantine
Empires were weak
 Conquered soldiers
were converted and
incorporated into
Muslim army
 A place in Paradise if
you died in battle
Why Did Islam Spread?
 Trade Networks
 Islamic lands linked Africa, Asia
and Europe
 Merchants traveled the “silk road” and
Indian Ocean sea routes
 Cultural centers like Cairo, Mecca,
Alexandria and Baghdad provided
centers of learning to which
thousands traveled each year
 Sufis were merchant missionaries.
They spread Islam peacefully,
were mystics.
Why Did Islam Spread?
 Treatment of Conquered
Peoples
 Toleration
 Often led to acceptance
 Muslims welcomed in areas where
people had been persecuted
 Keep local religion
 Conquered Christians and Jews
often converted because of
similarities
Islamic Empires: Umayyad
 Capital in Damascus
 A small Arab/Muslim aristocracy ruled over a
people who were not Arab and largely not “Muslim”
called Mawali. (They converted but were not
recognized)
 “People of the Book” were generally tolerated.
 Expansion across North Africa to Iberian Peninsula
as well as into Central Asia.
 Declined:




“more political than pious” (luxury and soft living)
Revolts by dissenting Muslims
Non-Arab resentment
Army revolt led under the black banner of the Abbasid
Party defeated the Umayyad and slaughtered most of
the family at a reconciliation banquet.
Islamic Empires: Abbasid
 Ends Arab domination, Mawali conversion in
mass from Berbers and Moors to Turks.
 Capital at Baghdad
 Persians dominate the expanding bureaucracy
 Harum al Rashid ruled from 786-809
 Wealth and splendor equal to Byzantium
 Exchanged gifts and ambassadors with Charlemagne
 Lavish court, palace was 1/3 of the city of Baghdad
Muslim Empires: Abbasid
 Wealth and Prosperity
 Revival of trade routes across Sahara,
Mediterranean Sea and Silk Road
 Merchants were Christians, Muslims and Jews
 Bazaars held spices, minerals, dyes, gems, olives,
wine, wheat, silk, porcelain, horses, etc
 Joint Stock companies
 Banking with credit and checks
 Workshops made glass, jewelry, tapestries,
Damascus Steel, Cordoba Leather and paper
Collapse of the Abbasid
 Causes:
 Social Stratification
 Arabs played and increasingly smaller role in the
society as Turks and other non-Arabs migrated in
 Sectarian Divisions
 Different Islamic groups vied for power
 Regional Separation
 Empire was too large for weakened military to control
Division in the Muslim World
after collapse of Abbasid







Umayyads still in Spain (750-1100)
Fatimids in Egypt (900+)
Mamluks in Egypt (1250-1517)
Seljuk Turks in Isfahan (Persia) (1050+)
Mongols in Baghdad (1258+)
Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor (1300-1919)
Safavids in Isfahan (1499+)