Download Osmoregulation, Excretion Immune System

Review Questions – L16: Osmoregulation & Osmotic Challenges Worksheet
1. Print out a blank copy of the Osmotic Challenges worksheet and answer the questions again (w/o looking at
you notes!) Worksheet is posted to Thurs, Feb 27.
2. What is osmoregulation?
3. Define osmolarity.
4. What is the difference between an osmoregulator and an osmoconformer? What type of environments
would you find them in? Provide examples of each.
5. What is the difference between a steohaline organism and a euryhaline organism. Provide examples of
each.
6. What do chloride cells do and who has them?
7. What is trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) used for?
8. Draw a diagram of the shark rectal gland (which is also the model for chloride cell) that explains how salt is
moved out of the shark body. For each channel, cotransporter, etc, label what the driving force for solute
movement is: ATP or concentration gradient.
9. What is anhydrobiosis? What problem arises for an animal who goes into anhydrobiosis? Why would an
organism go into anhydrobiosis?
10. How do seabirds, who must drink salt water, osmoregulate?
11. What is transport epithelium?
12. Osmoregulation requires the expenditure of energy. Provide examples of why it costs energy (what specific
processes require ATP, what structures are made)?
Review Questions – L17 Excretion & Osmoregulation Feedback Loops Worksheet
1. What is excretion?
2. Fill in the following table
Ammonia
Urea
Uric Acid
Toxicity
Solubility
Water Loss
Energy Cost
Examples of organisms
who use this method
3. What other factors (besides those mentioned in the table above) determine which form of nitrogenous waste
is used (or the percentage of each if more than one is used)?
4. Make a diagram illustrating the four steps typically involved in excretion.
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5. Fill in the following table:
Flatworms
Earthworms
Insects
Phylum name
Type of Excretory system
Where does filtration
occur?
no filtration step
6. Malpighian tubules do not have a filtration step. They gather nitrogenous waste entirely by secretion. What
molecules would you expect to find in abundance on a Malpighian tubule membrane?
7. What is the difference between a juxtamedullary and cortical nephron? Why are there two different types of
nephrons?
8. Draw a picture of a kidney and label the following locations: renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis.
9. Make a diagram of a juxtamedullary nephron. Add to the diagram where the following events occur:
filtration, reabsorption, secretion.
10. Add blood vessels to the diagram. Be sure to include: afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole,
peritubular capillaries, vasa recta and indicate which direction blood is flowing.
11. Using your drawing, describe the path an urea compound would take, starting with the renal artery and
ending with where it is excreted from the body.
12. What is the driving force for filtration in the kidney?
13. Why don’t red blood cells move from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule?
14. What substances are reabsorbed from the filtrate by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)? Distal
convoluted tubule (DCT)?
15. What substances are secreted to the filtrate by the proximal convoluted tubule? Distal convoluted tubule?
16. Draw a diagram illustrating how the PCT reabsorbs glucose. Indicate where ATP is used.
17. How is the descending limb of the loop of Henle different from the ascending limb (what can move across
membrane)?
18. How is the thick portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle different from the thin portion (what can
move across membrane)?
19. In which of these areas would you expect to find cells with the fewest mitochondria: PCT, descending limb,
ascending limb, DCT? Explain your answer.
20. What is the role of the collecting duct?
21. How does the kidney manage to produce a highly concentrated urine?
22. Draw a diagram showing how the body responds to an increase in blood osmolarity. Include what senses
the change, what hormones are released, what their targets are, and how the targets respond.
23. Draw a diagram showing how the body responds to a decrease in blood osmolarity. Include what senses the
change, what hormones are released, what their targets are, and how the targets respond.
24. Draw a diagram showing how the body responds to a decrease in blood volume. Include what senses the
change, what hormones are released, what their targets are, and how the targets respond.
25. Draw a diagram showing how the body responds to an increase in blood volume. Include what senses the
change, what hormones are released, what their targets are, and how the targets respond.
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26. What is the effect of alcohol on the kidneys?
27. What is the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Review Questions – L18, Parts 1 & 2: Immune System & Lab 8: Tracking Disease Outbreak Using
ELISA
1. What are some differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
2. Where can pathogens inter the body? Provide examples of barriers to pathogen entry.
3. Draw a picture or series of pictures that demonstrates what happens in the inflammatory response when
bacteria get in through a cut in the skin. Include the following: macrophage, mast cell, neutrophil, dendritic
cell, signaling molecules, histamine, toll-like receptors, pathogen, phagocytosis, vacuoles, lysosomes.
4. Include where each cell type can typically be found?
5. What happens to neutrophils after the response is complete?
6. Macrophages and dendritic cells (and B cells) are known as antigen presenting cells. What does this mean?
7. Dendritic cells leave the site of the initial infection and start a chain of events that will lead to B cell
activation (part of the adaptive immune response). Draw a picture or series of pictures that demonstrates
how this occurs. Include in your story where in the lymphatic system do the dendritic cell and B cell meet.
Use the following terms: MHC class II proteins, antigens, epitopes, B cell receptor (antigen receptor),
helper T cells, T cell receptor, CD4 protein, phagocytosis, vacuoles, endosome, cytokines, co-stimulatory
molecules, plasma cells, memory B cells, antibodies, mitosis, transcription, translation, signal 1, signal 2,
effector cells, clonal selection, effector cells.
8. Now that the B cells have been activated, create a drawing of the multiple ways they work to destroy
invading bacteria. Include the terms: antigen, antibodies, plasma cells, neutralization, opsonization,
complement proteins, membrane attack complex, pores.
9. If the pathogen was a virus, a different response (cell-mediated) would occur. Draw a picture or series of
pictures that shows what would occur if the dendritic cell encountered a virus and started a chain of events
that lead to cytotoxic T cell activation. Include in your story: antigens, epitopes, MHC class I proteins,
MHC class II proteins, phagocytosis, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, T cell receptor, CD8 protein, CD4
protein, lymph node, cytokines, co-stimulatory molecules, signal 1, signal 2, antigen presenting cell, effector
cell, memory T cell, clonal selection, mitosis.
10. Now that the cytotoxic T cell is activated, made a drawing showing how the cytotoxic T cell destroys
infected cells. Include: cytotoxic T cell, antigens, MHC class I proteins, T cell receptor, CD8 protein,
transcription, translation, perforin, granzymes, antibodies.
11. How is the secondary immune response different from the primary?
12. See Fig 43.15 (Primary and secondary immune response). What explains the lag in response time between
exposure to antigen A and the presence of antibodies?
13. How does the enzyme recombinase do and how does it produce the variation in B cell and T cell receptors?
14. What happens to T or B cells that “recognize” parts of their body as “self”?
15. What cellular changes need to occur in a plasma cell once it is activated? (think about what a plasma cell
produces).
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16. What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
17. How can pathogens avoid detection by the immune system?
18. What does the ELISA test for?
19. You should be able to explain the events in Fig 1 (how ELISA works).
20. You should be able to answer any of the questions from the data sheet.
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