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BSC 260
Exam 3 Study Guide
Antimicrobial agents-You should know and understand:
Definitions of sterilization, inhibition, decontamination and disinfection
How an autoclave works to sterilize material
How UV radiation works to sterilize surfaces
Chemical agents used to disinfect surfaces
Antibiotic classes and their modes of action including:
Beta lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, daptomycin,
platensimycin.
The main mechanisms by which bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics
3 main reasons why antibiotic resistance is on the rise
Microbes and humans-You should know and understand:
Definitions of pathogen, pathogenicity, virulence, infection, disease
Which systems of the body typically have flora and which are typically sterile
The roles of flora in healthy people
The major steps in bacterial infection
Common types of toxins and their general mechanisms including:
Cytotoxins, AB toxins, exotoxins, enterotoxins, and endotoxin
Host immunity-you should know and understand:
Physical, mechanical and chemical defenses that humans have in various
systems
Antigen presentation by both MHC I and MHC II including the molecules
involved and from where the antigen originated (exogenous or endogenous)
Humoral response:
The shape and function of antibodies
Complement
Opsonization
B cells and how the molecular mechanism by which they recognize
antigens and react
Definitions of cytokine, leukocyte, lymphocyte, antigen,
immunoglobulin
The three main changes during inflammation
Cellular response:
Helper T and cytotoxic T cells and their respective marker proteins
How T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC I and MHC II
systems
The roles of Helper T and cytotoxic T cells in infection
How cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
The roles of neutrophils, eosinophils, and Natural Killer cells
Vaccines-you should know and understand:
Passive and active vaccination and what each means
Examples of whole organism vaccines in both killed and attenuated
forms
What is an adjuvant and what does it cause
How vaccines result in decreases susceptibility to diseases
Epidemiology and transmission-you should know and understand:
Definitions of epidemic, pandemic, endemic, outbreak, mortality,
morbidity, and resevoir
Different modes of transmission and the symptoms typically linked to
them.
Herd immunity and how it works
Differences in prevalence of death by infectious disease in the US and
Africa
Airborne diseases-you should know and understand:
Diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes and symptoms of each.
Diphteria, the pathogen that causes it, the toxin produced, symptoms, and
prevention
Pertussis, the pathogen that causes it, symptoms and prenvention
Tuberculosis, that pathogen that causes it, how the host immune function
affects the disease, and how the tubercles spread.
Hansen’s disease, the pathogen that causes it, symptoms, transmission and
how the host’s immune system affects symptoms
Measles, mumps, rubella, and chicken pox. The virus that causes each, the
symptoms and spread of the virus, protection from disease, and how chicken
pox can lead to shingles.
Colds, the most common pathogen that causes colds, the symptoms, and why
you can catch so many colds.
Influenza, symptoms, the type of virus that causes it, which type is most
common in humans, antigenic drift and antigenic shift and how each
happens, and treatment and prevention of influenza infection.