Download Reading Guide 10 - metabolism_enzymes_proteins

Biology 100 – Winter 2013
North Seattle Community College
Reading Guide 10 – Metabolism, Enzymes, and Building a Protein
Reading:
1) Chapter 5 (various pages) in Microbiology Demystified
2) Chapter 7 (various pages) in Microbiology Demystified
Directions: Fill out the reading guide as you read. Again, the reading guide is designed to help you take
notes from your reading. Along the way, I will ask you some Critical Thinking questions that are
designed to help stimulate your thinking as to how the concepts and vocabulary from the book can be
used to help explain our Essential Question.
As you read, keep our Essential Question in mind:
How is this information helping me to explain how antimicrobials work?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 5 (Chemical Metabolism) in Microbiology Demystified
1. Page 90: “Cellular Metabolism” – Explain what the everyday use of the word “metabolism” means to
you.
2. Page 90: “Riding the Metabolism Cycle” – What are “macromolecules” and how do they make up the
structures of a cell?
3. Page 90: “Riding the Metabolism Cycle” – What is ATP?
4. Page 90: “Riding the Metabolism Cycle” – Explain how a cell grows.
5. Page 90: “Catabolic and Anabolic: The Only Reactions You Need” – What is a “metabolic reaction”?
6. Page 90: “Catabolic and Anabolic: The Only Reactions You Need” – What happens to large molecules
during catabolic reactions?
7. Page 90: “Catabolic and Anabolic: The Only Reactions You Need” – What happens to large molecules
during anabolic reactions?
8. Page 92: “Brewing Up Proteins” – “Most enzymes are ________________ that can be inactive or
active.”
9. Page 93: “The Magic of Enzymes: Enzymes Activities” – What is activation energy and why is it
needed?
10. Page 93: “The Magic of Enzymes: Enzymes Activities” – What are two things that can lower the
activation energy of a chemical reaction?
11. Page 93: “The Magic of Enzymes: Enzymes Activities” – Why is one of these things preferable to a cell
than the other?
12. Page 93: “The Magic of Enzymes: Enzymes Activities” – Why are enzymes needed?
13. Page 93: “The Magic of Enzymes: Enzymes Activities” – What is a substrate?
14. Page 93: “The Magic of Enzymes: Enzymes Activities” –Where does the substrate “fit” into the
enzyme?
15. Page 94: “Inhibitors” – What does an inhibitor do?
16. Page 94: “Inhibitors” – How does a “competitive inhibitor” work?
a. Describe their example in words:
17. Page 94: “Inhibitors” – How does a “noncompetitive inhibitor” work?
Critical Thinking 1: Write a flow diagram that describes their example of a competitive inhibitor using
the following key terms:
PABA (enzyme substrate)
enzyme
folic acid (metabolic product)
cellular function of that product (DNA synthesis)
bacterial growth
sulfa drugs (enzyme inhibitor)
Critical Thinking 3: Write a flow diagram that describes how penicillin works using the following key
terms:
peptioglycan (enzyme substrate)
enzyme
cell wall (metabolic product)
cellular function of that product (cell wall resistance to osmotic pressure)
bacterial growth
penicllin (enzyme inhibitor)
Critical Thinking 3: Now write a general flow diagram (a model) of how any antibiotic might work using
the following key terms:
enzyme substrate
enzyme
metabolic product
cellular function of that product
bacterial growth
enzyme inhibitor
Critical Thinking 4: Look back to your Lab 3 (Antibiotics) data. Did the sulfa drug SXT inhibit both
Gram + S. epidermidis and Gram – E. coli? Why do you think that happened?
Critical Thinking 5: Look back to your Lab 3 (Antibiotics) data. Did penicillin inhibit both Gram + S.
epidermidis and Gram – E. coli? Why do you think that happened? (Review RG 08, question 38)
Critical Thinking 6: How do you think we should revise our current model to reflect the effects of SXT
and penicillin on different bacteria?
Now let’s find out more about how Streptomycin works!
Critical Thinking 7: Go back to RG 08 and write down again how streptomycin works:
Chapter 7 (Microbial Genetics) in Microbiology Demystified
18. Page 120: “Genetics” – What is “genetics”?
19. Page 120: “Genetics” – What is a “trait”?
20. Page 120: “Genetics” – What is a “gene”?
21. Page 120: “Genetics” – What are genes made up of?
22. Page 121: “DNA Replication: Take My Genes. Please!” – Describe semiconservative replication.
Redraw Figure 7-1 on page 122 to complement your description in words.
23. Page 121: “DNA Replication: Take My Genes. Please!” – What enzyme is responsible for making a new
strand of DNA?
24. Page 122: “The Chromosome Connection” – What are “chromosomes”?
25. Page 122: “The Chromosome Connection” – Nucleotides are building blocks of what molecule?
26. Page 122: “The Chromosome Connection” - What parts make up a nucleotide?
27. Page 122-3: “The Chromosome Connection” – Describe the structure of DNA using the following
terms: chains, nucleotides, hydrogen bonds, base pairs, A-T, G-C. You can draw a diagram to help your
explanation.
28. Page 123: “The Chromosome Connection” – How is genetic information encoded?
29. Page 123: “The Chromosome Connection” – “A nucleotide sequence is ultimately translated into an
___________________, which is the basis of ____________________________.”
30. Page 123: “Protein Synthesis” – What is protein synthesis?
31. Page 123: “Protein Synthesis” – What is RNA synthesized from, and what bases does it contain?
32. Page 123: “Protein Synthesis” –What is mRNA?
33. Page 123: “Protein Synthesis” – What enzyme is required to make mRNA?
34. Page 123: “Protein Synthesis” – What is “transcription”?
35. Page 123: “Protein Synthesis” – Where does the mRNA go after it is produced, and what happens there?
Critical Thinking 8: Draw a flow diagram of protein synthesis using the following terms: DNA,
transcription, RNA polymerase, mRNA, ribosomes, proteins.
36. Page 124: “Protein Synthesis” – Describe how RNA bases pair with DNA bases during transcription.
37. Page 124: “Protein Synthesis” – When does transcription begin?
38. Page 124: “Protein Synthesis” – “Information found on the mRNA is used _____________________
________________________________________________________________________________?”
39. Page 124: “Protein Synthesis” – What is translation?
40. Page 124: “Protein Synthesis” – What is the role of tRNA during translation?
41. Page 125: “Controlling Genes: You’re Under My Spell” – How does a polypeptide become a protein?
42. Page 125-6: “Controlling Genes: You’re Under My Spell” – Check your flow diagram in Critical
Thinking question 8 with the information here. Correct it here if you need to:
Critical Thinking 9: Write a flow diagram that describes how streptomycin works using the following key
terms:
tRNA linked to amino acids, mRNA (functional components necessary for protein synthesis)
ribosome (cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis)
proteins (metabolic product)
cellular function of proteins (many functions in the cell)
bacterial growth
streptomycin (enzyme inhibitor)
Critical Thinking 10: Does the mechanism of how streptomycin works fit into your general model of how
antibiotics work (Critical Thinking 3)? Why or why not? What might you change, if anything, to help
your general model reflect the action of streptomycin as well?