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Transcript
Unit 2: Ecology Chapters 2-5 What is Ecology? A branch of __ that studies the interactions that take place between __ and their __ The Environment Abiotic Factors – The __ parts of an organism’s environment Ex) air currents, __, moisture, __, and soil Biotic Factors – All the __ organisms that inhabit an environment This includes an organisms relationships with other organisms. They depend on each other for __ Levels of Organization 1) Organism - __ 2) __ – A group of organisms, all of one species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time Ex) __ Ex) A __ of dogs in an area 3) __ – All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time Ex) dogs, cats, mice, insects, dandelions, grass, etc… Levels (cont.) 4) Ecosystem – Made up of interacting __ in a given area and with the __ components of that area Two Types: A) Terrestrial – located on __ B) Aquatic – __. 5) __ – The portion of the earth that supports life. Extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the __ Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat – __ Ex) lawn, stream, forest Can change or disappear __ – all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment Ex) how it meets its specific needs for __ and __, how and where it survives, and where it reproduces. It is an __ for a species to occupy a niche different from those of other species in the same habitat Relationships in Ecosystems A. __ Organisms may compete with each other for food, water, mates, sunlight, space, etc… Ex) cattle and sheep Ex) plants for __ Competition also increases when resources are in __ Affects the __ of a species When a population increases to a point in which demand of the resources exceeds the supply, the population size __ Competition (cont.) There is a competition within and between species. __ – Animals that feed on other living animals (by killing them first) Ex) Owls, Hawks Prey – The animals that are killed or eaten Ex) __ Hawks and Owls are in competition for the same prey __reduces the competition. Relationships in Ecosystem (cont.) B. __ Organisms that cooperate in their life activities may __ each other’s survival __ animals – members of the same species that live together in colonies and help one another Ex) __ Symbiosis – when two different types of organisms (different species) __ These relationships help maintain survival in many species Three Kinds of Symbiosis 1) Mutualism – A relationship in which both species __ 2) Commensalism – A relationship in which one species is __. Ex) Ants and acacia trees Ex) Spanish moss growing from limbs of trees 3) Parasitism – A relationship in which a member of one species derives __ at the __ of another species Ex) Ticks on a dog How organisms obtain energy The producers: __ Organisms that use __ energy or energy stored in chemical compounds to make energy-rich compounds. Ex) __ Other organisms in the biosphere depend on autotrophs for nutrients and energy (__) The consumers: __ An organism that __ make its own food and feeds on other organisms. Types: __- A heterotroph that feeds only on plants __- Heterotrophs that eat other heterotrophs Ex) rabbits, grasshoppers, elephants, etc… Ex) lions __- Organisms that eat a variety of foods that include animal and plant materials Ex) Humans, raccoons, opossums, bears Types: (cont.) __- Organisms that eat animals that have already died. (They do __ kill for food) Ex) Black vultures, buzzards, ants, beetles __- Break down dead and decaying plants and animals and release nutrients Ex) Some protozoan’s, many bacteria, and most fungi Food Chain Model that shows how __ move through an ecosystem. Nutrients and energy move from autotrophs to __ and eventually to __ Most consists of two, three or four transfers Only a __ portion of energy remains in the final transfer as compared to what was in the original A portion of the energy is given off as __ Example of a Food Chain Berries (__) Field mouse (1st order __) Cat (2nd order __) Coyote (3rd order __) Crow (__) Bacteria (__) Food Web Shows __ the possible feeding relationships at each level in a community Better than a food chain because organisms __ Ecological Pyramid Shows how __ flows within an ecosystem Base of the pyramid represents __ Higher levels are layered on top of one another The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only about __ Why? When an organism consumes food, it uses some of the energy for __ and the rest is given off as __ How fast do populations grow? Resembles a “__” curve Exponential growth – as the population gets larger, it also grows at a __ rate Initial increase is __ because the number of reproducing individuals is small Rate of population growth soon increases because the total number of individuals that are able to reproduce has increased. Population growth does have__ What limits growth? 1) __ 2) __ 3) __ 4) __, etc…(Table 3.1) __– Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms Ex) Timberline Population growth will stabilize in an __-shaped growth curve Carrying capacity The number of organisms of __ species that an environment can support __ When a population rises above the carrying capacity, more organisms __ Limiting factors become an issue The population drops below the carrying capacity The population will then __ below the carrying capacity (Fluctuates) Figure 4.4 Reproductive Patterns Life-history pattern – __ 1. Rapid life-history patterns Common among organisms from __ environments Characteristics: __ body, mature __, reproduce early, __ life span Populations increase __, then decline when environmental conditions become unsuitable, then rapidly increase again Ex) mosquitoes, wild mustard plants Reproductive Patterns (cont.) 2. Slow life- history patterns Organisms live in more __ environments Characteristics: __ species, reproduce and mature __, and are __-lived They __ population sizes at or near carrying capacity Ex) Elephants, bears, whales, humans, trees Reproductive Patterns (cont.) 3. Density factors – how organisms are __; random (dandelions), clumped (mushrooms), and uniform (evergreens) *is a __ a) Density-dependent factors – these factors have an increasing effect as the __ increases Includes disease, competition, predators, parasites, and food Ex) corn crop, HIV/AIDS b) Density-independent factors – affect populations, regardless of their __ (usually __ factors) Includes temp., pesticides, floods, drought, volcanoes, etc… Ex) insects, earthworms Predation and Population Size Populations of predators and their prey experience changes in their numbers over periods of time Is usually a predictable cycle Ex) Canadian lynx and the Snowshoe hare The two populations rise and fall close to a 10 year cycle In prey populations the young, old, or injured members are caught. Effects of crowding and stress When populations become crowded (overpopulated): 1. Environments cannot support increased numbers 2. Animals exhibit various stress symptoms a. aggression b. decrease in parental care c. decreased fertility d. Resistance to disease Can have a negative effect on a population Human Population Census taken every 10 years Demography – study of human population size, density and distribution movement, and its birth and death rates History: Before 1800’s – growth was slow (1st billion reached in 1800 Since 1930 – population grew rapidly 1999 – reached 6 billion 2002 – population growing at a rate of 1.3 million people per year Estimate by 2050 – more than 9 billion people on Earth Human Population (cont.) Human population is different than other organisms because humans can consciously change their environment Ex) Eliminated diseases like small pox Ex) Developed methods for producing more food Ex) Infant mortality rate has decreased Ex) Improved the delivery of clean water Results in people living longer and able to produce offspring that live to produce offspring Calculating Growth Rate Four factors: A. __ B. __ C. __ D. __ Formula: (Birthrate +Immigration rate) – (Death rate + Emigration rate) = Population Growth Rate (__) Growth Rate (cont.) Doubling time – the time needed for a __ to double in size Developed country – has a __ growth rate Developing country – has a __ doubling time __ – the proportions of the population that are in different age levels Rapidly growing countries have age structures with a __ base (many children and teenagers) Stable populations occur when the % of people in each age category is fairly __ Natural Resources Those parts of the environment that are useful or necessary for __ Can be classified into two types: A) __ B) __ Renewable Resources Those resources that can be __ when they are used Examples: __, __, wildlife and fish, forests, and air A renewable resource is not necessarily __ Ex) Fresh water can become limited by drought or overuse Nonrenewable Resources Resources that __ be replenished by natural processes Sometimes called “__” resources Examples: coal, __, natural gas, and minerals like iron, zinc, copper and lead __ formed millions of years ago from deeply buried organic materials. When they are depleted they are gone forever Sustainable Use Is a way of using natural resources at a rate that __ __ activities affect the supply and the quality of renewable resources These principles are applied to agriculture, fisheries, land development etc… Ex) Use of __ instead of pesticides Pollution The result of substances that __(becomes unclean usually by contamination of manmade waste) Air, water, soil, are damaged by pollution Pollutants (materials that pollute) can be serious such as __, __ released by nuclear accidents, __, and __ Habitat Degradation – damage to a habitat by __ Three types: water, land and air Water Pollution Degrades aquatic __ in streams, rivers, lakes and oceans Ex) Excess __ and animal __ are often carried by rain into streams and lakes These sudden nutrients cause __ blooms. When they die, they sink and decay, removing needed __ from the water Ex) __ form eroded soils can enter water and clog the gills of fish Ex) Detergents, heavy metals, industrial chemicals in runoff cause death in aquatic organisms Land Pollution __: made up of cans, bottles, paper, plastic, metals, dirt, and spoiled food that people throw away each day Average American produces about __ kg of daily (657 kg of waste/person /year) Some decomposes __ Most becomes buried in __ (meant to reduce contamination of groundwater supplies) Use of pesticides and other chemical can lead to habitat degradation Air Pollution Causes __ problems and irritates membranes in the eye and nose Sources: Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, burning of __ Ex) sulfur dioxide – from __ burning factories and nitrogen oxide from __ exhaust combine to form acid precipitation. This take __ from the soil __ waves from the Sun can cause damage to living organisms Methods Used to Reduce Pollution 1. __ – large earthen pit for waste disposal Either have a high __ content to keep wastes from seeping into underground water or have large __ liners About __ of waste in US is disposed of in landfills 2. __ – Act of recovering and reusing materials Ex) paper, aluminum, tin cans, glass, motor oil, auto batteries, auto tires, old cars Just about anything can be recycled some way Methods (cont.) 3. __ Laws impose strict standards for what can be released into the environment Ex) __ required to have a catalytic converter Ex) __ (1990) Requires power plants to install scrubbers on all their smokestacks 4. International agreement to stop __ (chlorofluorocarbons) production Used as __ in refrigerators and air conditioners, as aerosol propellants etc… Primary cause of __ hole Methods (cont.) 5. Incinerating – __ They are equipped to prevent releasing harmful __ into the air Pollution control devices catch __ materials Without this, smoke containing __ are released into the air. They then settle to the earth and harm plants, animal, and structure (paint on buildings) Only __ of waste in the U.S. are incinerated