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Warm Up • List as many things you think you know about Rome! Ancient Rome The Roman Republic Key Terms • • • • • • • • Republic Patrician Plebian Tribune Consul Senate Dictator Legion Origins of Rome • Legend say Rome was founded in 753 B.C. • Founded by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of the god Mars • Abandoned on Tiber River as babies and raised by a wolf • Story of Romulus and Remus Geography of Rome • Center of Italian peninsula along the Tiber River • On seven rolling hills • In between Alps to the north and Mediterranean Sea to the south The Early Republic • Early settlers included Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans • An Etruscan became king of Rome around 600 B.C. • Rome went from a collection of hilltop villages to a large city covering almost 500 square miles • Temples and public centers, like the Forum, were heart of Roman politics The Early Republic • Romans forced harsh king out of power in 509 B.C. • Declared they would never have king again • Formed a republic, or government where power rests with citizens who have right to vote for their leaders Patricians and Plebeians • • • • Patricians Plebeians Wealthy landowners Held most of the power Power was inherited Ancestry gave them authority to make laws for Rome • Common farmers, artisans, and merchants • Represented majority of population • Formed own assembly of elected representatives called tribunes • Not allowed to hold the higher political positions Twelve Tables • Written code of laws • 10 Plebeians wrote down the laws and carved them on 12 tablets and hung them in the Forum • Established idea that all citizens had a right to the protection of the law • Reading Activity Twelve Tables Questions * How did Roman law safeguard the rights of individuals? * Which laws restricted the freedoms of individuals? * How did Roman law maintain order and provide security for the entire society? * How does this list of laws compare to those of our society today? * Which laws seem unfair or tyrannical? Explain why. * Why do you think many praised the Twelve Tables and preferred to live under this Roman legal code instead of under the laws of their native governments? The Roman Republic • Incorporated pieces of the different Greek forms of government • Consuls- two officials who commanded army and directed the gov’t • Senate- aristocratic branch of Rome; influence over foreign and domestic policy • Tribunes • Dictator- leader with absolute power; appointed in an emergency by Romans for 6 months The Roman Army • Rome valued a strong military • All landowning citizens were required to serve • Certain political offices required at least 10 years of military service The Roman Army • Soldiers organized into large military units called legions • Legions had about 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers (infantry) • Group of cavalry supported each legion • Divided in smaller groups of 80 soldiers, or a century • Military was key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness Rome’s Power Spreads • Roman power spread as the legions battled for control of Italian peninsula • By 265 B.C. Romans controlled Italy • Treated conquered territory differently, and with leniency Governing Conquered Lands • Nearest to Rome (Latins)= Full Citizens • In territories farther from Rome had citizenship w/out right to vote • Allies of Rome had 2 conditions – Must supply soldiers for army – Can not make Allies with anyone else but Rome Rome’s Commercial Network • Location, Location, Location • Land and Sea • Traded olive oil and wine for foods, raw materials and manufactured goods • Other powerful traders interfered with the access to the Mediterranean • Rise of Carthage in North Africa challenged Rome’s power First Punic Wars • Rome vs. Carthage over control of trade in the Mediterranean • Events – Control of Sicily & western Mediterranean – Lasted 23 years – Rome won Second Punic Wars • Hannibal • 50,000 infantry & 9000 cavalry • 60 elephants • Goal= Capture Rome • Path across Spain through the Alps • For 10 years his army taunted the Romans • Elephants in War Third Punic Wars • Hannibal had been in Italy for all those years, but Romans held out • Roman general (Scipio) had a plan – GET HANNIBAL OUT OF ITALY – Attack Carthage – Rome burned the city and sold 50,000 residents into slavery – made it a Roman territory= control