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The Roman Republic and its Fall What was the government like? Why did the Republic fall? Chapter 8, Sec. 2 & 3 ROMAN REPUBLIC What is a REPUBLIC? ► A form of government in which citizens vote for their leaders The Roman Republic: ► ► Created in 509 B.C. after overthrowing the Etruscan Kings Continued to evolve over time: • Political participation and eligibility to run for office widened • Powers of various assemblies and elected officials also changed • But it also became increasingly corrupt ROMAN REPUBLIC MAIN IDEA: ► The Roman Republic was shaped by a struggle between wealthy landowners and regular citizens SOCIAL CLASSES: ► Romans were divided into 2 social classes: PATRICIANS (the ruling class) and PLEBIANS (everyone else) PATRICIANS ► ► ► Original aristocracy of Rome Had been distinguished citizens who advised Latin kings Played leading role in overthrowing Etruscans Wealth based primarily on ownership of farmland and/or urban real estate. Could officially hold public office PLEBIANS Most were artisans, shopkeepers, & small farmers Free men who could not trace their ancestry back to advisors of Latin kings Many were well-off and served in the army under Etruscans Etruscans had promoted their interests and protected their civil status Patricians would not let them share in government Rome’s Government ► CONSULS: Top 2 government officials elected each year, could “veto” the other ► ► ► PRAETORS: Another important group of officials; acted as judges SENATE: The most important lawmaking body; 300 men served for life ASSEMBLY of CENTURIES: Another important legislative body; elected consuls and praetors • Plebeians went on strike to challenge the class system. • Resulted in formation of the Council of Plebs. Rome’s Government ► DICTATOR: In the Roman Republic, a dictator served the people and ruled temporarily during emergencies. CINCINNATUS: The best known early Roman dictator, he led an army of men to defeat a powerful enemy. He then gave up his power after only 16 days!! Rome’s Government ► The TWELVE TABLES: Rome’s first code of laws. They were the basis of all future Roman laws. ► The LAW of NATIONS: Created to address issues of conquered peoples. These standards of justice and the “rule of law” form the basis of our own legal system to this day. FALL OF THE REPUBLIC ► Trouble in the Republic The gap between the rich and the poor grew and farmers suffered. LATIFUNDA: large farming estates created when wealthy Romans bought small farms. Farmers whose land had been bought traveled to cities trying to find new jobs. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were wealthy brothers who tried to reform the government but were killed. FALL OF THE REPUBLIC ► Matters worsen when the Army gets involved in politics… - Marius: a former military leader; he was appointed counsel and promised land to poor men if they became soldiers. Generals gained influence. - Sulla: Used his army to drive Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and spent three years making changes. ► Many other power struggles followed! FALL OF THE REPUBLIC ► Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey formed a triumvirate after Sulla left office. ► Caesar declared himself dictator. ► Caesar instituted more reforms (12 Month Calendar). ►Caesar had many enemies and they plotted to kill him. Caesar was killed on March 15, 44 BC. ► “Beware the ides of March…!” FALL OF THE REPUBLIC ► ► Civil war followed Caesar’s death The Second Triumvirate seized power: 1- Octavian (Caesar’s grandnephew and heir) 2- Mark Antony (1 of Caesar’s top generals) 3- Lepidus (another general, soon forced out) • Octavian and Antony soon came into conflict • Antony fell in love with the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra and formed an alliance with her • Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from taking over the republic Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. The Roman Empire Begins Octavian now ruled the Roman world. ► Cicero: politician and famed public speaker who favored a representative government instead of a dictator. He had supported Octavian. ► Octavian announced that he would restore the republic, but he kept most of the power. ► Octavian took the title AUGUSTUS, meaning “revered one.” THIS BEGAN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ► Review What were the 2 social classes in Rome? PATRICIANS and PLEBIANS What was the most important lawmaking body? The Senate In Rome, what was a Dictator? Someone who ruled TEMPORARILY in emergencies Review What happened on the Ides of March (March 15)? Julius Caesar was killed What title did Octavian take? Augustus