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Cicero’s Rome History 509 BC Monarchy overthrown The Roman Republic (Res publica) was established Led to a series of wars and refinements over the next approximately 450 years Roman Republic The Roman Republic can be divided into three periods: an early period, when Rome was expanding to the start of the Punic Wars (to c. 261 B.C.), a second period from the Punic Wars until the Gracchi and civil war (to 134), and a third period, from the Gracchi to the fall of the Republic (to 27 B.C.). The Gracchi “The Gracchi, Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus (Gracchi is the plural of Gracchus), were two Roman brothers who tried to reform Rome's social and political structure to help the lower classes in the second century B.C. The Gracchi are at the beginning of the period of the decline of the Roman Republic.” http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/people /p/gracchi.htm War and Conflict Conflict raging between the Senatorial and Popular parties “…the trouble seeps down further every day and once this sort of deterioration has started, it gains momentum rapidly and soon there is a headlong rush to disaster.” (Cicero) Society Three major social groups Patricians --- the aristocracy Equites --- the landed gentry Plebians ---common men (and, of course, slaves were also present but had no power) Government Consuls – 2 men elected for 1 year. These were the supreme leaders, and each Consule had equal power. Proconsuls – governors of the provinces. Appointed by the senate; consuls often became proconsuls Praetors – Served as judges in courts, and as govenors of small provinces or cities Censors – Classified citizens by their wealth, eventually became one of the most powerful offices. They could remove senators from office. Government Aediles – mid-level government officials. Supervised public places, the food supply, etc Quaestors – Controlled the state and provincial finances Senate – Senatus populusque Romanus (senate and people of Rome). Chief governmental body of the republic Late Republic Period Between 111 BC and 44 BC Rome suffered through at least 2 external wars and 2 civil wars. Republic changed in 88 BC when Sulla was appointed Dictator after defeating his enemies in a civil war. After another civil war Julius Caesar appointed Dictator in 46 BC. He was assassinated in 44 BC 44 B.C. Ides of March – Julius Caesar assassinated Cicero not directly implicated but his name was used by the perpetrators Cicero was 62 in 44 B.C. Cicero was 18 in 88 B.C./Scaevola 67 Scaevola (28) had conversation with Laelius (56) about Scipio’s death Cicero Born to a plebian family Became a Poet, Philosopher, soldier, and influential politician Strong defender of the republic Cicero Born 106 BC 90 BC was a soldier 75 BC appointed Quaestor in Sicily Eventually held every government position 63 BC appointed Consul 58 BC exiled from Rome (returns 57 BC) 43 BC assassinated GENERATIONAL MEMORY 129 B.C. Laelius’s discourse on friendship Best friend Scipio Africanus dies Sons-in-law – Gaius and Scaevola – console him 88 B.C. Cicero was 18 years old – heard it from Scaevola, his teacher (son-in-law of Laelius) 44 B.C. Cicero addresses Atticus – writes dialogue down