Download HY Ch. 7 End of the Republic

Ceasar and the End of
the Republic
Setup of Rome’s government
► Rome’s
government was set up using social
class more than anything else. (what are
the two social classes of Romans?)
► Plebians complained about having so little
power.
► This brought about a change in the
government that led to model much more
equitable than had previously been the
case.
Cincinnatus
► The
Roman Government had a provision for
a “dictator” during times of distress.
► This person had almost unlimited powers for
6 months.
► At the end of 6 months, they were to return
the power to the 2 consuls, and go back to
their lives.
► Cincinnatus, was one such example.
Cincinnatus Cont.
► Cincinnatus
was a farmer, and a loyal and devoted
citizen.
► The Roman army found itself surrounded and
needed help.
► Cincinnatus was declared Dictator and asked to
help. He defeated the enemy army and returned
to his farm approx. 16 days after.
► He could have taken power, but refused.
► George Washington would later follow his
example.
Roman Law
► Roman Law was
► The first version
very well defined.
that was adopted was called the
“12 Tables”.
► This made sure the same laws applied to
everyone, plebeians and patricians alike.
► They were carved on bronze tablets and placed in
the Roman Forum.
► A person was innocent until proven guilty.
► People could defend themselves before a judge
► Law should apply equally to everyone was began.
► RULE OF LAW!!!!!!!!!!
Rome Expands
► Rome
began to expand after it had conquered all
it Italy.
► Rome’s main rival was another Mediterranean city
named Carthage.
► Carthage was an Phoenician outpost.
► Carthage ruled a large trading empire that Rome
needed in order to expand and grow.
► The island of Sicily brought both powers to war.
Each side wanted the island.
► This began a set of conflicts called the “Punic
Wars”
The Empire of Carthage began as a Phonecian trading
post. It then became self sustainable and the focal point
of a major empire of trading.
First Punic War
► Rome
sent its army to Sicily to keep
Carthage from taking over in 264 B.C.
► Rome was not used to fighting a naval
battle, so they had to quickly assemble a
navy and go to war with a much more able
Carthaginian navy.
► After 20 years, Rome finally won and
Carthage had to pay a huge fine to Rome
and leave Sicily which was now under
Roman rule.
Second Punic War
► To
make up for the loss of Sicily, Carthage
expanded into southern Spain.
► Rome viewed this as an encroachment on
their territory and helped the people of
Spain rebel against Carthage’s rule.
► Carthage, in response, sent their most
famous general into Rome to punish Rome.
► His name was Hannible.
► This began the 2nd Punic War
Hannibal’s route to Rome took him through the Italian Alps, where
many of his men starved and much of his force was diminished.
Hannibal’s Defeat
► Hannibal,
even with a diminished force,
defeated the Romans and moved in to loot
Rome.
► However, the Romans had attacked
Carthage, and Hannibal had to return to
Carthage to defend his country.
► A Roman general named Scipio defeated
Carthage, and Rome now retained
posession of Spain and received another
large fine from Carthage.
Third Punic War
► While
Carthage was no longer a military
threat, they still were an economic power.
► In 146 B.C. Rome invaded Carthage and
burned it. They also enslaved 50,000 men,
women, and children.
► Rome, according to legend, even sowed salt
in the fields so that crops could no longer
be grown again.
► They also conquered lands in the eastern
Med. Further enhancing their grip on the
Med. Sea
Rich vs. Poor
► Problems
in the Roman empire between the
rich and the poor began to worsen.
► Small farmers could not compete with large
farming estates called latfundia.
► Large landowners would use slave labor for
farming, and small farmers could not afford
to, thus forcing them out of buisiness.
► The army then entered politics in order to
try and regulate the government, under
Marius as Consul.
Problems Continue
► Marius
was not able to reform Rome to the
likes of the people.
► He even changed the Roman army from
volunteer to a paid professional army.
► In 82 B.C. a general named Sulla inserted
himself as Consul.
► He weakened the councils, and then
stepped down from power hoping that
Rome could heal itself.
► It would not be able to!
Civil War
► Many
saw how Sulla had used an army to
grab power, and tried to do the same.
► 50 years of civil war followed Sulla’s removal
from office until a group of three came to
power.
► The 1st Triumvirate was headed by Pompey,
Crassus, and Julius Caesar.
► All three were successful military men who
formed an alliance to gain power in Rome.
Fall of the
► Each
st
1
Triumvirate
of the three had a special area of concern.
Pompey in Spain, Crassus in Syria, and Caesar in
Gaul (France).
► Caesar became a hero to all classes of people.
► Crassus was killed in battle and the Senate
decided Pompey should be the leader and return
home with his army and step down from power.
► Instead, Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army
, and drove Pompey’s army from Italy, and then
destroyed them in Greece.
► In
CAESAR in POWER
44 B.C. Caesar declared himself dictator for life.
► He also filled the Senate with members only loyal
to him.
► He granted citizenship to people in Roman
territories, started colonies to provide land for the
homeless, created work for the jobless, and
encouraged slave-owners to hire more free
workers.
► He also created a new calendar, now called the
Julian calendar, with 12 months, 365 days, and a
leap year.
► However, his enemies killed him on the steps of
the Senate in 44 B.C. on the “Ides of March”.