Download ANCIENT ROME

It is said the Alexander
the Great helped create
“a whole new world”.
What was the most
lasting achievement of
Alexander the Great?
(what was his legacy?)
Strabo’s map of the world
Strabo’s map of Europe
ANCIENT ROME
Italian peninsula
750 miles north to
south
Apennine Mts. runs
north to south
Fertile plains for
farming
Islands of Corsica,
Sardinia, and Sicily
are nearby
Impact of Geography
Mts. did not divide Italy into
small isolated communities
(unlike Greece)
More land for farming
enabled it to support a
larger population
Rome’s location was
favorable
away from the coast
built on seven hills – was
easily defended
central location on the Tiber
river
Impact of Geography (cont.)
The Italian
peninsula juts into
the Mediterranean
Sea
Important
crossroads for the
Mediterranean
Governing Rome’s
empire was made
easier
The Land and People
1st Millenium B.C. - Indo-Europeans
built Rome on the plain of Latium – hence
the term “Latin”
Founding of Rome
Legend says that
twin brothers
Romulus & Remus
founded Rome
along the banks of
the Tiber River in
753 B.C.
Influences
Roman civilization is heavily
influenced by the Greeks and the
Etruscans!
The Greeks
Colonized 2/3s of
Sicily and moved up
the Italian peninsula
Passed on olive
cultivation,
alphabet, sculpture,
architecture, &
literature to the
Romans
Influenced
Rome more
than the Greeks
Were from
north of Rome
in Etruria
Ruled Rome
from around 750
to 500 bce
The Etruscans
Etruscans
Passed on the
toga and
organization of
the army (also
aqueduct, road,
and wall
building)
Goodbye Etruscans – Hello Republic!
Republic
created in 509
B.C.E. when
upper-class
Romans drove
Etruscans out of
city
Republic!
New
republican
government
had two
consuls and a
Senate using
a system of
checks and
balances
Early Rome
Government: Republic,
Aristocracy (power in the
hands of the wealthy nobles)
2 Consuls
(terms of 1
year), each
could veto
(“I forbid”)
the other
300 wealthy
senators served
life terms
…but a dictator
could be chosen
as an
emergency
measure…
From Hill Town to Empire!
Continuous warfare
attacked by
neighboring states
and defeated them
Full Roman
citizenship given to
the conquered
By 270 B.C. – all of
Italy under Roman
control
Why so successful?
Good diplomats
Firm, even cruel, when
necessary
Rebellions were crushed
without mercy
Extended citizenship to many
States ran own internal affairs
Established colonies, built
roads, & fortified towns
Lets Compare!
Sparta
Athens
Rome
Oligarchy
Democracy
Republic
Citizens Vote
on laws
Citizens Vote
on laws
Representatives
Council of 28
Council of
500
2 Hereditary
Kings
Board of 10
“Archions”
chosen to vote
on laws
Senate
2 Consuls
Social Classes
Patricians: Upper class, could hold
public office
Plebeians: lower class (could not
hold office, but over time, Rome
became more democratic and
Plebeians gained rights)
Struggle of the Orders
494 bce – Plebians frustrated in their
efforts to maintain a voice in the
government
STRIKE!
Create their OWN assembly
Not very successful until they refuse to
participate in the army
Patricians forced to give in bit by bit
450 bc – forced to accept LAW of
TWELVE TABLES
IT’S THE LAW!
Who made the laws in Persia,
Babylon, Carthage, Egypt, etc?
Roman rulers subject to the law!
Fair and flexible “natural law”
Roman Law – Law of 12 Tables
Public Laws open to all free men
Rome’s system of law was one of the chief
gifts to the Mediterranean world.
The “law of nations” had standards that
applied to both citizens and foreigners.
STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS
•After 342 bc, one of the consuls had to be a
plebian
•By 287, All Roman CITIZENS were equal before
the law
•Instead of civil war, the republic evolves into a
healthier, stronger government!
•Citizenship EXALTED throughout the empire – I
WANT TO BE ONE!
•(eventually becomes a privilege not a right…..)
Rights of citizenship include:
•
right to appeal to the highest
authorities
•
no unjust imprisonment
•
authorities required to treat people
with respect
•
highest positions open to all citizens
regardless of ancestry or wealth
Religion
The early
Romans
worshipped
nature spirits
Later
borrowed
Greek gods
and goddesses
Legate
Army
Centurion
Legionary
Well trained
Deserters put to
death
Every male citizen
had to serve when
needed
Had Legions of 6000
men in units of 60120 men
Rome and Carthage
1st Punic War (264-241 B.C. )
chief rival = Carthage (originally
Phoenicia which the Romans called
Punic)
 Romans send
army to Sicily
 Carthage
considers it an
act of war
 Romans
build a naval fleet
 Romans
defeat Carthaginian
navy off Sicily
Hey! Nice Corvus!
1st Punic War (264-241 B.C.)
Results
 Carthage
gives up
rights to Sicily &
pays a fine
 Sicily
becomes
first Roman
province
2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )
 Carthage
adds new lands from
Spain to make up for the loss of
Sicily
 Romans encourage Carthage’s
Spanish allies to revolt
 Carthaginian
general Hannibal sent
to attack Rome (w/ 30-40 thousand
men, horses and elephants!)
 Hannibal crosses Alps and defeats
Rome at Cannae and wins
2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )
 Rome
can’t get rid of
Hannibal!
 Carthaginians
can’t keep
Rome away from Spain!
 Romans
attack Carthage!
 Hannibal must hurry
home!
 Romans
invade Carthage
and defeat Hannibal at
Zama in 202 B.C.!
2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. )
Results
 Carthage
loses
Spain AND
becomes a
Roman province!
 Rome
becomes
the dominant
power in the
Mediterranean
3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.)
 Calls
in Rome for
complete destruction
of Carthage

 Carthage
completely
destroyed in 146 B.C.
– city burned,
buildings pulled
down, & inhabitants
sold into slavery
3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.)
 Italy in ruins thanks
Results
to Hannibal
 Poor
filling up Rome
looking for food/work
 Backlash towards
Greece and North
Africa
 Empire
building seen
as a solution –
Greece and North
Africa look out!
Conquests
Conquers Greece, Egypt, Asia
Minor (eventually entire
Mediterranean)
Results
Wealth to Nobles, Merchants,
and Government officials
Ruin small farmers and workers:
could not compete with slaves
Type of soldier changes:
Mercenaries hired because small
farmers could no longer be
soldiers
Social World / Late Republic
Patron/client relationship
Protection/dependence as social
glue
Family
Power of paterfamilias
Position of women in Roman
society
Late Republic
Struggles between rich and poor
Extremes of wealth and poverty
in Rome
reform effort: (Gracius - 130s and 120s
B.C.E.)
New violence of Roman politics
Support of poor as political strategy
(Land, Bread and Circuses)
conflict paved way for end of Republic
Social World of the Late
Republic
Slaves
widespread
slavery
“ Every slave
we own is an
enemy we
harbor”
Three great
slave revolts
Military Might!
Militarism central to Roman
ideology (Who was
Romulus/Remus’ Father?)
Average male spent 7 years in the
army
Generals as politicians
recruitment of property-less
soldiers
New dependence of soldiers on
their generals!
End of the Republic
In 60 BCE Julius
Caesar, Pompey
and Crassus formed
the First Triumvirate
(group of three
sharing power)
Sharing
Sharing
isis Caring!!
Caring!!
…NOT!!
Generals
compete for
power leading
to civil war!
Julius Caesar
100-44 B.C.
Military Commander
 Had
military
leadership
experience from
Spain and Gaul
 Had an army of
loyal veterans
1st Triumvirate
 With
Crassus &
Pompey
 Crassus dies in battle
 Senate wanted
Pompey as leader –
was the least harmful
to their cause
 Senate votes for
Caesar to give up his
command – he
refuses
Civil War
 In
49 BCE, Caesar’s
forces cross the
Rubicon River and
marches on Rome
 From Italy, to
Greece to Egypt,
Ceasar’s forces
defeats Pompey’s
forces and officially
becomes the
dictator of Rome in
47 B.C.
 Caesar
and
Cleopatra have
a child.
(Caesarean)
 She
is restored
to the throne
 Is
with him in
Rome until 44
BC
The Head of Pompey Presented to Caesar
Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini
CleopatraItaly,
and Caesar
 From
to Greece
to Egypt,
Caesar
defeats
Pompey’s
forces and
officially
becomes
the dictator
of Rome in
47 B.C.
Caesar’s Reforms
 Land
to the poor
 Granted citizenship
to people in the
provinces
 Increased Senate to
900 members (some
from outside of Rome!)
 Introduced
a new
calendar (from a
355 day lunar to a
365 day solar)
Assassination
Who?
Approximately 60 collaborators led
by Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius
When?
March 15, 44 B.C.
Where?
Rome (senate chambers)
Why?
Senate was losing power;
Caesar was acting like a king
How?
Stabbed 23 times (supposedly)
Significance?
Led to the rule of the second
triumvirate for ten years, civil war,
and Octavian as emperor
The Death of Caesar - Jean-Léon Gérôme - 1867
New kid on the block
Enter Octavian, Caesar's nephew and
heir.
With his ally, Marc Antony, he fought
and killed Caesar's old enemies.
Victorious, he divided the spoils:
Augustus took Rome and Antony got
Egypt.
The peace did not last long. Antony
was quickly seduced by Egypt's
queen, Cleopatra. Octavian
suspected that the two wanted Rome
for themselves. Before they could
threaten him, Octavian attacked.
Antony and Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of
Actium
Octavian chases them to Egypt
Thinking Cleopatra dead, Antony kills himself
Cleopatra kills herself with a poisonous asp!
Antony’s Body is Brought
Before Cleopatra
TAXI!
Establishment
• maintainedof
peace
the principate!
• stabilized
Octavian
(now
Government
called
Caesar
• reformed
administration
Augustus)
sole
• Taxed
fairly C.E
ruler
27 B.C.E.–14
• encouraged
.trade,
Rule of
science,
art,
and literature
Augustus
as
• built
roads
and
“golden age”
buildings
Caesar Augustus (27bce – 14 CE)
The Golden Age of Rome!
maintained peace
stabilized Government
reformed administration
Taxed fairly
encouraged trade, science, art,
and literature
built roads and buildings
Pax Romana
Beginning of the Pax Romana
“Peace of Rome”
200 years, ended with Marcus
Aurelius
spread Roman culture
throughout entire empire
ECONOMY thrives!
People not afraid to trade!