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TEST THREE STANDARD THREE The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. A. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. B. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. C. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and Roman culture; include law, gender, and science. Wed 8/28/13 Test Three Notes ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What influence did Alexander have on the world? TEST THREE NOTES Phillip of Macedon 359 BC Kidnapped as a child and held in Greece Liked Greek culture Established 1st Macedonian professional army Began expanding his empire Conquered Greece following the Peloponnesian Wars. Greek opinion of Phillip was divided. Demosthenes – menace to Greece By 336 BC all of Greece was under Macedonian rule. Before Phillip could organize the city-states he is assassinated. ALEXANDER • Was only 20 years old when he took the throne. • Historians call him Alexander the Great • Period from the beginning of his reign to the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC is called the Age of Alexander or the Hellenistic Age. Alexander and his father were very much alike. Phillip gave Alexander every advantage to make him a great ruler. Trained to fight by Macedonian army. But tutored by Aristotle. Learned to admire Greek culture Began military career by crushing rebellions in the Greek city-states after his father’s death Then went to Asia-Minor and defeated the Persians. Next he marched to Syria. From Syria he went westward to conquer Egypt. From Egypt he went to Mesopotamia to defeat the rest of the Persian empire. In 331 BC he captured Babylon Beyond Persia was India For 4 years he led his army east, and captured the lands of the Indus Valley. At Babylon in 323 BC he became ill, and he will die of a fever at age of 32. After his death his generals will kill his entire family and divide the empire. A fierce struggle will go on between the generals until 301 BC and then the 3 surviving generals agreed to divide the kingdom among themselves. Alexander’s divided empire • Macedonia (Greece)– ruled by Antigonus • Egpyt - ruled by Ptolemy – Capital city was Alexandria. Largest city in Hellenistic world. • Syria – ruled by Sellucus –Largest - Babylon Alexander - to influence conquered cultures mix with the Greek culture built cities, libraries (research), financed scholars, Greek language common, Greek culture New culture emerged Greek – (Hellenic) blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian Hellenistic culture Koine – Greek common 1. Think-Tac-Toe and CE due tomorrow! 2. Map of Europe. 1. Complete study guide test two – will be Wed 9/4 2. Terms chapters 8 & 9 due Tue. Mon 2/11/13 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=2kRwJJwxGZE Friday 8/30/13 EQ – How did the Roman Empire develop? ROME • According to legend Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus & Remus. • Twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin Princess. • They were abandoned on the Tiber River and raised by wolves. • Built Rome on that spot. Built on 7 rolling hills at a bend of the Tiber River. Center of Italy mid way between the Alps and Italy’s southern tip. Also near the Med. Sea From 1,000 – 500 BC three groups inhabited this region and fought for control of the area. Latins Greeks Etruscans The Latins • built the original settlement of Rome. • Considered 1st Romans. • Settled central Italy Greeks • Between 750 and 600 BC established colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. • Influenced Roman culture – Literature – Myths – Alphabet – Architecture - arch Etruscans • Northern Italy • Tarquins 600 BC ruled as kings • During their rule Rome grew from villages to city nearly 500 square miles. • Lost control in 509 BC and Etruscan people mixed with other cultures to become known as the Romans. All three ethnic groups began to think of themselves as Romans. They set up a Republic. Only male citizens could vote. Most were farmers. Not a big difference in social classes. But later social classes became more distinct. Most powerful – patricians All others – plebeians Plebeians could not hold office, could not marry patricians, laws not written down, but expected to obey laws. Gradually, got some rights by holding strikes. Laws written down - engraved on stone tablets – Twelve Tablets placed in Forum could marry patricians hold office Rome’s Government • Senate – 300 men controlled public funds, political appointments determined foreign policy acted as court most important of the three branches Assembly of Centuries – name from military formation 193 members 170 infantry 18 cavalry 5 civilians Most were farmers. Assembly of Tribesmade from citizens from the 35 tribes. Plebeians controlled this branch Every adult male had to serve in the army when needed. No permanent army legion – 4,500 – 6,000 men Legionaries supported by cavalry Legions divided into smaller groups called centuries. 80 + 20 = 100 Well trained army Discipline was strict – harsh punishments could not run for public office unless served in army 10+ years http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=yLVnFEXnHB8 ESSENTIAL QUESTION 9/3/13 • In what ways did Hannibal think “outside of the box”? http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=EpJ_o0UXuO4 By the 4th century BC Rome dominated central Italy. By 265 BC Rome controlled nearly all of Italy. Rome had different laws or treatments for different people. All Latins were given full citizenship. Northern territories were not given the right to vote (Etruscans) Most conquered groups fell into a category called Allies of Rome. Rome promised not to interfere in gov’ts, as long as they provided troops, paid taxes, no alliance with enemies of Rome. This lenient policy toward conquered areas led to successful over-taking and Rome spread its empire far beyond Italy. CARTHAGE • One of Rome’s strongest enemies was Carthage. • Located on peninsula of North African coast. • Colony of Phoenicians • Competed with Rome for Med. Trade • Punic Wars 264 BC – 146 BC • 3 battles or wars http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=VNgUUrcOzlU&feature=relat ed 1st Punic War lasted 26 years. 264 – 241 BC Over control of Sicily & western Med. Sea Rome won 2nd Punic War began in 218 BC 29 – Carthaginian general Hannibal brilliant strategist He wanted to avenge Carthage’s early loss. Attacked Rome from the north 50,000 infantry 9,000 cavalry 60 elephants - Spain Instead of a head-on attack Hannibal wanted to surprise the Romans with a risky move. He marched across southern Spain, into France and toward the Alps. Hannibal’s plan was to cross the Alps and enter Italy from the north. He lost half his army during this march. Will reach Po Valley. For the next 15 years he roamed northern Italy defeating Roman armies. Then a Roman General named Scipio came up with a plan. He sent a fleet to attack Carthage; knowing Hannibal would be summoned to defend the city. Scipio’s army waited for Hannibal just outside Carthage at a place called Zama. The Battle of Zama occurred in 202 BC and Hannibal was defeated. This defeat cost Carthage it’s colonies in Spain. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=kszvqU1eYZs 9/05/13 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ezpn8xH_XHI ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What were some of the reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire? During the 2nd Punic War Macedonia had been an ally of Carthage. Out of revenge Rome started a war with Macedonia and defeated them in 197 BC. Now the Greek city-states were under Roman control. The 3rd Punic War was fought over gold and silver mines in the Spanish colonies Carthage had just lost to Rome. The natives of the region did not welcome Roman rule and they revolted. It took the Romans years to subdue them. Meanwhile in Rome, some of the soldiers who had fought against Hannibal were in the Assembly of centuries now. They began to push for a total defeat of Carthage. Finally in 149 BC Rome declared war on Carthage and by 146 BC Carthage was completely destroyed. Rome became the major power in the western Med. Sea. By 133 BC many problems had arisen in Rome. The increasing number of slaves were taking jobs away from the freemen who farmed. Many of the provinces were governed badly, and the strain of so many wars made military service a burden. Many of the small farmers were loosing their farms because they could not pay their taxes. They were being told to leave and fight and while they were away their lands would be confiscated for back taxes. Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were among st the 1 to try and bring reforms. Tiberius was one of the 10 Tribunes in 133 BC. He knew some of the senators had been using their power to confiscate farmers land for their own use. So Tiberius limited the amount of land officials could use and he moved many poor farmers from the cities (moved there looking for jobs) to public land and put them back to work farming. Tiberius was eventually murdered. Gaius became a Tribune in 123 BC and he tried to increase the power of the Assembly of Tribes. He used public funds to buy grain and then sold the grain to the poor at a low cost. Helped the poor, but drained Rome’s treasury. Gaius was also killed. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=w-Nh-zSMzqo FRI 9/06/13 World History Standard 3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. D. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world. E. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. How did Julius Caesar change Rome? In 60 BC a military leader named Julius (Caesar) joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey – a popular general. With their help Julius was elected consul in 59 BC. For the next 10 years these 3 men ruled Rome as a Triumvirate. After his one-year term as a consul; Julius Caesar became Governor of Gaul. Led his army on several successful campaigns. Gaul grew to become what is present-day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland, and parts of the Netherlands and Germany. He won his men’s loyalty and devotion. Meanwhile Crassus will die, and Pompey will become jealous of Caesar’s popularity. Caesar and Pompey will lead Rome into a civil war which Caesar will eventually win. In 46 BC Caesar will be appointed Dictator by the senate. Later Caesar will be given the title: Dictator for Life. Absolute ruler, but did bring reforms for the people. Created jobs for the poor. Started colonies where people without land could now own land. Began to pay soldiers. Senators became jealous of Caesar. Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius stabbed to death in senate chamber March 15, 44 BC. This threw Rome into another civil war, and it never really recovered. After Julius Caesar’s death civil war – destroyed the Roman Republic Octavian – 18, adopted son Mark Antony – general Lepidus – powerful politician 43 BC Second triumvirate ended in jealousy and violence Octavian forced Lepidus to retire Mark Antony became enemy Fighting in Anatolia – met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt accused of plotting against Rome civil war Octavian wins Octavian becomes the unchallenged ruler of Rome Augustus “exalted One” http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=p2PH1lBJwhw How did Julius Caesar change Rome? http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=eyq8uWvpbt4 9/9/13 ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What legacy did Diocletian leave the Roman Empire? For the next 200 years Rome was ruled by various emperors. In 284 AD Diocletian became the new emperor. He was a harsh ruler but he did restore order and doubled the size of the Roman army and tried to fight inflation by setting prices for food. Empire grew under Diocletian’s rule, and he decided it was too big for just one man to rule. Divided the empire into 2 sections in 285 AD. Greek-Speaking East • • • • Greece Anatolia Syria Egypt Latin-Speaking West • • • • Italy Gaul Britain Spain Diocletian kept control of the Greek-Speaking East, and shared power in the LatinSpeaking West with his 1st in command - Maximianus. He retired in 305 AD, and another civil war broke out. Constantine will gain power of the western empire in 312 AD. In 324 AD he gained control of the eastern empire . In 330 AD he moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium; in what is now Turkey. The city was a center for trade and the empires wealth grew. The city was later named Constantinople. After Constantine’s death the empire was divided again and in 370 AD a group of Mongols from central Asia invaded. They pushed some Germanic tribes into Gaul. The Germanic tribes moved through Gaul, Spain and North Africa. Meanwhile the Huns united under one ruler in 444 AD. He was Attila. Also called Attila the Hun. Attila will invade both empires and plunder 70 cities. He will never be able to take either capital though. Rome or Constantinople Attila will die in 453 AD, but the Germanic tribes continue to invade. The empire will last another 1,000 years, but fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 AD. Test Three will be Tue 9/17/13 Benchmark (tests 1 & 2) Thurs!