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By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY The Geography of Rome Italy in 750 BCE Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. The Roman Forum Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Carthaginian Empire Hannibal’s Route Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor The First Roman Dynasty Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE The Rise of Christianity • 63 BC – Rome controls Judea – Self-govern – Jewish kings ruled as Reps of Rome • 6 AD – Rome made Judea a Providence Jews are divided 1. Zealots – wanted to rid Judea of Romans 2. Messiah – biblical tradition-God would send messiah to restore Kingdom of Jews SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY • Peter, Paul, and James • Leaders of movement • Traveled and spoke all over the world – Jesus was son of God and died for our sins • Paul – Never saw Jesus, had vision – Traveled around Mediterranean to Mesopotamia to Rome St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles The Spread of Christianity TRIUMPH 313 AD Edict of Milan –Roman Empire would not persecute any religion Constantine –393 AD – Christianity religion of Rome MARCUS AURELIUS Last Good Emperor Imperial Roman Road System DECLINE OF ROME 180 AD – Death of Marcus Aurelius –Last good Emperor –Ended Pax Romana and Golden Age Struggles for Power –50 Emperors in 26 years –One died of natural death –Overthrown or assassinated The Empire in Crisis: 3c DIOCLETION 284 AD - Restored order –Recruited soldiers/expanded army –Hired mercenaries and foreign armies –Fixed prices to stop inflation –Forced farmers to stay on land ECONOMIC/SOCIAL PROBLEMS High taxes to support Army –Put heavy burden on businesses and small farmers Farmland over cultivated –Farmers would leave land Christianity rising DIVISION OF ROME Eastern – Diocletian –Greek speaking –Wealthy and prospering –Byzantium is capital Western – Co-Emperors –Latin speaking –In major decline Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE Constantine: 312 - 337 CONSTANTINE 324 AD – Gained control of both Roman Empires Built Constantinople (Byzantium) –Moved capital to Constantinople • Power shifting to East • After Death –World divided again Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch