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Download ANCIENT ROME - Class Notes For Mr. Pantano
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Workbook Pages for Romanization Unit: Pg. 114 – 3 & 4 Pg. 118 - all Pg. 119 - 7 only Pg. 123 1, 2 & 3 Pg. 129 all Pg. 130 7 & 8 Pg. 131 all Pg. 134 1, 2 & 3 Pg. 135 5, 6 & 7 Rome was the powerful empire. 60-100 million people lived in the empire. Romans were proud and loyal. Peace existed in the empire (30BC to 180BC) known as “Pax Romana” a) Made up of many territories and peoples b) These territories are controlled by 1 government. Spoke many languages Came from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds (Multiethnic). Romans had lots of advantages living under Rome (even those who had been conquered!). System of laws were effective (had good results). Network of imperial roads led to trade. Aqueducts provided a constant water supply. People enjoyed peace and wealth. This meant that you lived like Romans, learned Latin, adopted Roman customs and were loyal to Rome. STAGE 1: Monarchy At first, Rome was ruled by kings. In 509 BC, a bad king (Tarquin) was driven out and the people set up a republic. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =vkpi1dlDk1g The power is held by the people and their elected representatives. Julius Caesar was a successful Roman general. In 46 BCE, he became dictator of Rome. He was assassinated by jealous rivals on March 15, 44 BC. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=7FvgP5hO99o https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=F8hNaCnOdc w Julius Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian, became the first emperor of Rome in 31 BC. He controlled everything & set up an imperial system of overnment. Rome was ruled by emperors for about 500 years – some were good; others were monsters. a) b) c) d) Army: Highly trained Disciplined Tough Organized into legions (ranging between 5000 and 6000) of infantrymen (foot soldiers). Legionaries (soldiers) were supported by some 100 to 200 cavalry (soldiers who fought on horseback). Also supported by auxiliaries (helpers) who served as archers, slingers, scouts, and cavalry. To conquer other peoples & expand the empire. To defend its frontiers against enemy invasions. The Praetorian Guard, an elite group of about 10 000 troops, stayed close to Rome to guard the emperor. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ygsa6iO8X9o The empire reached its height while Trajan was emperor (98-117 AD). a) b) c) d) e) Only Roman citizens could volunteer. They signed for at least 20 years. Reasons for joining: Travel Prestige Glory Be fed and cared for Earn money Auxiliaries served for 25 years and then they could become Roman citizens. Each fighting ship carried marines to do the fighting when an enemy ship was boarded. The Roman navy got rid of the many pirates who plagued the Mediterranean Sea (Mare Nostrum). Imperial roads were built by the Roman army. The main purpose of this road system was military. In all, there were some 85 000 km of main roads in the empire. The roads followed as straight a line as possible between two points. Soldiers could march 30 to 50 km a day along them to reach trouble spots. https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=Yu94sFmNwMw The roads had a hard stone surface and solidly built foundations. Slaves often did much of the heavy work. Along the roads milestones, placed 1 000 doublepaces apart, indicated distances between points. The road system allowed the emperor, who lived in Rome, to keep in touch with his vast empire. a) b) c) d) The emperors divided the territory into many provinces. Each province was ruled by a governor (chosen by the emperor). Role of governor: Made reports to Rome Referred major decisions to the emperor Supervised the collection of taxes and the construction of bridges and other public works projects. Responsible for the fair administration of justice They were expert builders Made great use of the arch which bears a load better than the beams used by the Greeks. They also mastered the techniques of making different types of concrete. These innovations made buildings so strong that they still stand some 2 000 years later. https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=8sLy5VCMuKM Romans used their engineering skills to build aqueducts to carry water (for many kilometers) from the mountains to the cities. Every day, eleven aqueducts delivered over a billion liters of water to Rome. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN1v5FYkTLQ Roman engineers also made tunnels and sewers. The Cloaca maxima was a 5.5 meter wide main drain for Rome’s sewer system (still functions today!). Roman Republic: 3 main parts of government The two consuls were elected for one year at a time. They shared power. Each consul could veto (reject) decisions made by the other. They headed the government. They commanded the army. They administered justice and saw that the laws were upheld. They had the power to flog or execute those who broke the law. It was composed of 300 members who advised the consuls. Its members served for life. They were almost exclusively patricians (rich, powerful, land-owning upper class). The Senate was the real seat of power. It could veto (reject) laws. It passed laws and controlled finances ($). ADVISE: to give an opinion or suggestion to someone about what should be done : to give advice to (someone). Ordinary citizens could attend assembly meetings. It had little power. Their actions were limited. The assemblies just gave an impression that ordinary people had some say in government. He was the head of the army and government He controlled all institutions He was chosen by the army He appointed* the senators, the governors and senior officials. He proposed laws to the magistrates. *Chose someone for a position The people had to pay heavy taxes. Money was needed to pay for the costs of operating a big army and many public building projects (ex: sewers, aqueducts, public baths, etc.). An emperor had an expensive court and many administrators to pay. There were sales taxes and taxes on slaves, estates, and crops. Censuses were taken to have accurate population counts for taxation purposes. The emperor preferred to be paid in cash. Failure to pay tax resulted in severe punishments. Men only They completed military training and pay taxes. As the Empire expanded, the right to Roman citizenship was extended to people of conquered territories Criteria for Candidates: 1. 2. 3. 4. Be an ally and settle in Rome Report someone who had misbehaved or render a service to the city Serve in the army Be considered Romanized (adopted Latin & way of life) 1. Roman Citizens were either patricians (rich nobles) or plebeians (merchants, farmers, artisans). 2. Peregrins - Free foreigners/immigrants 3. o Freed slaves freed by their masters had bought their freedom 1. Slaves o Only the patricians were allowed to lead the city. Laws were unfair because they were not applied the same way for all citizens. To fix this situation, the Law of the Twelve Tables was established. This was a written code of laws that gave new powers to the plebeians. 1. Law of the Twelve Tables (451BC- 449 BC) It stated the following: All citizens were equal before the law. All privileges ended. Arbitrary decisions also ended. Based only on personal feelings, opinions, or wishes and not on law or good judgment. Civil law: Set of laws dealing with the rights of private citizens. Criminal law: Set of laws that apply to crimes. The code of laws was secular (non-religious). Emperor Hadrian created it. It ensured equal justice for all. All the Roman provinces followed the same rule of law (laws were uniform throughout the empire). It defended slaves against their masters. Created by Emperor Justinian (527 AD). This code reformed (changed) Roman law. This code set the foundation for modern civil law. Established Principles: It stated that one can only be judged for one’s actions and not for one’s thoughts. The accuser was responsible for proving the guilt of the accused. 1. Public Health Programs were created Ex: offered free bread to workers. 2. Reduction in Crime: Streets were policed by legionaries Criminals feared legionaries. 3. Improvements for Women: It became legal for women to own land, run businesses, free slaves, make wills, inherit wealth, and get a paid job. It started to spread in Rome in the first century. They refused to worship the Roman gods. Since this was against the law, they were hunted as criminals. They had a great appeal to Rome's poor. It promised life after death in heaven. In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine ruled that Christianity was legal and that Christians would no longer be persecuted (tortured) for their beliefs. a. b. c. The empire continued to expand mainly for the following reasons: well-built roads, strong Roman army good leadership (emperors and generals) Rome´s expansion did cause problems in the long run because the provinces did not always do what they were told. Barbarian was any people who lived outside the Roman Empire or who did not speak Latin. Valens tried to be a good emperor, but he inherited many problems: Rome was broke: Roman roads started to fall into disrepair (no money to fix them!). Without good roads, soldiers and goods did not always reach the far ends of the empire. Barbarian Raids: Barbarian raids on the Roman provinces were becoming more successful. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. There were five main barbarian tribes in Europe that wanted to conquer the Roman Empire. Huns Franks Vandals Saxons Visigoths They were all successfully attacking various pieces of the Western Roman Empire at the same time. Atilla the Hun