* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Munchausen by Internet wikipedia , lookup
Fragile X syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Memory disorder wikipedia , lookup
Selective mutism wikipedia , lookup
Intrusive thought wikipedia , lookup
Mental disorder wikipedia , lookup
Glossary of psychiatry wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive behavioral therapy wikipedia , lookup
Schizoaffective disorder wikipedia , lookup
Posttraumatic stress disorder wikipedia , lookup
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Causes of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Drug rehabilitation wikipedia , lookup
Antisocial personality disorder wikipedia , lookup
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders wikipedia , lookup
Spectrum disorder wikipedia , lookup
Depersonalization disorder wikipedia , lookup
Test anxiety wikipedia , lookup
Conduct disorder wikipedia , lookup
Treatment of bipolar disorder wikipedia , lookup
Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Child psychopathology wikipedia , lookup
Dissociative identity disorder wikipedia , lookup
Conversion disorder wikipedia , lookup
Depression in childhood and adolescence wikipedia , lookup
History of mental disorders wikipedia , lookup
Diagnosis of Asperger syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Social anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Psychological trauma wikipedia , lookup
Externalizing disorders wikipedia , lookup
Obsessive–compulsive disorder wikipedia , lookup
Claustrophobia wikipedia , lookup
Panic disorder wikipedia , lookup
Death anxiety (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Separation anxiety disorder wikipedia , lookup
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. By Owen Maher Diagnostic Criteria: DSM • A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least months, about a number of events or activities (such as work or school performance). 6 • B. The person finds it difficult to control the worry. • C. The anxiety and worry are associated with 3 (or more) of the following 6 symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for more days than not for the past 6 months). Note: Only one item is required in children. (1) restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge (2) being easily fatigued (3) difficulty concentrating or mind going blank (4) irritability (5) muscle tension (6) sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep, or restless unsatisfying sleep) Diagnostic Criteria: DSM • D. The focus of the anxiety and worry is not confined to features of an Axis I disorder, • E. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. • F. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hyperthyroidism) and does not occur exclusively during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Psychoanalytic: Causes • The psychodynamic theory of psychology sees anxiety as an alerting mechanism that arises when our unconscious motivations clash with the constraints of our conscious mind. –This conflict is intensified in people with GAD. Psychoanalytic: Treatment • Psychotherapy The goal of dynamic psychotherapy is to identify and explore the causes of anxiety and what they mean to the patient. A therapist may work with the patient on a number of exercises, including stress evaluation and techniques to be practiced while the patient is on his or her own. • The goal of behavior therapy is to establish coping strategies for anxiety. Behavior and cognitive therapy overlap, because new behavior is only possible after a person is able to replace irrational, anxious thoughts with healthy ones. Methods include the following: – – – – Biofeedback Controlled exposure to anxiety-causing situations Meditation Planning relaxed events and relaxation training Humanistic: Causes • Theorists propose that GAD, like other psychological disorders, arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly – This view is best illustrated by Carl Rogers’ explanation: • Lack of “unconditional positive regard” in childhood leads to “conditions of worth,” (harsh self-standards) • These threatening self-judgments break through and cause anxiety, setting the stage for GAD to develop Humanistic: Treatments • Therapy based on this model is “clientcentered” and focuses on creating an accepting environment where clients can “experience” themselves • Although case reports have been positive, controlled studies have only sometimes found client-centered therapy to be more effective than placebo or no therapy Behavioral/ Learning: Causes • Behavioral theory holds that anxiety results from not knowing how to behave in a given situation. The possibility of suffering negative consequences because of inappropriate behavior may result in hesitation and inaction. • The anxiety may be generalized to similar situations. – For example, anxiety over taking a particular test may be generalized to taking all tests in the future. Behavioral/ Learning: Treatments • Much like the psychodynami c treatments in that doctors try to establish coping mechanisms for patients. Cognitive: Causes • Theory: GAD is caused by maladaptive assumptions – Albert Ellis identified basic irrational assumptions: • It is a necessity for humans to be loved by everyone • It is catastrophic when things are not as one wants them • If something is dangerous, a person should be terribly concerned and dwell on the possibility that it will occur • One should be competent in all domains to be a worthwhile person • When these assumptions are applied to everyday life, GAD may develop Cognitive: Causes • Aaron Beck is another cognitive theorist – Those with GAD hold unrealistic silent assumptions that imply imminent danger: • Any strange situation is dangerous • A situation/person is unsafe until proven safe • It is best to assume the worst • My security depends on anticipating and preparing myself at all times for any possible danger Cognitive: Treatment • Two kinds of cognitive therapy: – Changing maladaptive assumptions • Based on the work of Ellis and Beck – Teaching coping skills for use during stressful situations Biological/ Somatic: Causes • Many people in the United States who are diagnosed with GAD claim to have been nervous or anxious their whole lives. • GAD is associated with irregular levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. – Norepinephrine is concentrated in the locus ceruleus (nerve cluster that lies near the brain's fourth ventricle). Increased activity in the locus ceruleus is associated with anxiety, and decreased activity in the locus ceruleus diminishes anxiety. Increased levels of GABA and serotonin seem to reduce anxiety. All of these neurotransmitters interact during heightened anxiety. Bio Medical Therapy • Medication General anxiety disorder is treated with the following types of drugs: – – – – Antidepressants Benzodiazepines Beta-blockers Buspirone • Drug choice is determined by the patient's ability to tolerate side effects and by the drug's effectiveness in reducing symptoms. Bibliography • “Chapter 4- Anxiety Disorders.” Comer, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, 4e-Chapter 4: Student Handout Answer Key. <http://occonline.occ.cccd.edu/online/cbasile/Fund4PPT_AK_Ch04.doc> • “Generalized Anxiety Disorder.” Copyright 2000 American Psychiatric Association. <http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/gad.htm> • “Generalized Anxiety Disorder.” Copyright 1998-2006, last modified Friday Sept. 8, 2006 . <http://www.mentalhealthchannel.net/gad/> By Max Boomer What is Panic Disorder Panic disorder is when someone has very frequent Panic Attacks and constantly worry about having another panic attack and avoid places that may have caused one, or you think will cause a future attack A panic attack is a sudden burst of fear or anxiety that can last for five-twenty minutes. Your nervous system reacts as if you are in a life-threatening situation, whether or not you are. Causes of Panic Disorder Exact causes of panic disorder are not clear, many factors may make a panic attack more likely Two of the most common theories are a chemical imbalance and family history of Panic disorder Stress and Anxiety increase chances of having a panic attack, also how a stressful situation is handled is important. Prescription medications, Alcohol abuse, Drug abuse, too much nicotine and/or caffeine, or a health condition such as overactive Thyroid can help to trigger attacks What happens during a Panic Attack Panic attacks consist of hyper-tension, fear, intense anxiety and trouble breathing Having repeating and/or unexpected Panic Attacks is a sign of Panic disorder. Avoiding places that you think may cause a Panic Attack is called Agoraphobia, which is commonly associated with Panic disorder, many people who have Panic disorder also have some degree of depression. Treatment Options Like most other medical and psychological conditions, prescription medications are available to treat Panic Disorder Also, psychotherapy is an important part also. Usually drugs will be prescribed with psychotherapy, or therapy will be prescribed alone Although Panic disorder can be treated, it is never completely cured, medication and therapy will allow the patient to resume a normal lifestyle, however relapse is possible Medications Anti- Depressants are prescribed fairly often along with serotonin inhibitors such as Prozac or Xanex Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is the most popular type of therapy used to treat Panic Disorder This is a type of therapy in which by changing the thoughts and behaviors of your symptoms that the symptoms of your condition will alleviate Bibliography “Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia” Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition 1994 “Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder” WebMD 22 February 2005 1 January 2007 <http://www.webmd.com/hw/anxiety_panic_disorders/hw53798.asp> Phobias! "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” – Franklin Roosevelt A presentation by Quentin Turner Defined A phobia is a strong, persistent fear of situations, objects, activities, or persons. Phobias are not just extreme fear, they are irrational fears. The cause of phobias are currently unknown. Phobias first appear in the adolescence and adulthood. Symptoms Causes an immediate response of anxiety when exposed to the object of fear. Compelling desire to avoid and unusual measures taken to stay away from object of fear. An impaired ability to function at normal tasks because of the fear. In some cases, anxious feelings when merely anticipating an encounter with what you fear. Complications Having a phobia may cause other problems, including: • Social isolation • Depression • Substance abuse When a phobia starts to interfere with your personal life and duties, it is important to go seek medical help. Treatment Treatment for phobias can include but is not limited to medication such as: • beta blockers - work by blocking the stimulating effect of epinephrine (adrenaline) • antidepressants • behavioral therapy - desensitization or exposure therapy focuses on changing your response to the feared object or situation • cognitive-behavioral therapy - involves you and your therapist learning ways you can view and cope with the feared object or situation differently Clinical / Specific Phobias Acrophobia – fear of heights. Claustrophobia - fear of confined spaces. Heliophobia — fear of sunlight. Xenophobia — fear of strangers, foreigners, or aliens. Arachnophobia — fear of spiders. Zoophobia - a generic term for animal phobias Social Anxiety Disorder Similar symptoms of phobias but applied to social situations. Intense, chronic fear of being judged by others and of potentially being embarrassed or humiliated by their own actions. Physical symptoms of social anxiety disorder include excessive blushing, sweating, trembling, nausea, and stammering. Panic attacks can occur under intense fear and discomfort as well. Treatment should be sought is the anxiety causes interference in personal life and duties. Social Phobia can be treated in the same ways as a specific phobia. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_p hobia#Symptoms http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/p hobias/DS00272/DSECTION=1 ObsessiveCompulsive Disorder By: Sara Crandall Breaking Down OCD…. •Obsessions: undesirable, recurrent, disturbing thoughts •Compulsions: repetitive or ritualized behaviors •D isorder: Disturbs the normal physical or mental health A person with OCD…. •plagued by persistent, recurring thoughts that reflect exaggerated anxiety or fears Obsessions of OCD…. • Fear of dirt or germs • Concern with order, symmetry (balance) and exactness • Worry that a task has been done poorly, even when the person knows this is not true Obsessions of OCD (continued)…. • Fear of thinking evil or sinful thoughts • Thinking about certain sounds, images, words or numbers all the time • Need for constant reassurance • Fear of harming a family member or friend Compulsions of OCD…. •Washing hands over and over again (any type of grooming to be clean) •Checking something constantly •Not stepping on the cracks of a sidewalk Compulsions of OCD…. •Everything needs to be in perfect order •Touching something a certain way or a certain number of times •Need of constant reassurance and approval What causes OCD? • Lack of serotonin in the brain (chemical imbalance) – Chemical in the brain – Keeps from repeating behaviors over and over • Different Brain Structure • Not caused by family problems or childhood experiences • Runs in families • Environmental Stressors Causes of the Disorder…. • Behavioral/ Learning: »Can be learned with in your environment »If you have environment stressors »Being around someone who you look up to who has it you can learn it Causes of the Disorder…. • Cognitive: »Deals with the mind »How you think »Mental judgment or perception »What your reasoning is in your mind How common is OCD…. • 3 million Americans ages 18 to 54 have OCD -2.3% of this age group had OCD • Women and men affected equally by OCD • 25% chance blood relative has OCD • 70% chance identical twins will share it Causes of the Disorder…. • Biological/ Somatic: »Runs through the family »If sibling has it chance you would have it »Runs in your families genes Causes of the Disorder…. •Humanistic: »Self-confidence »Believing in your self »Doing what you believe is right How to stop OCD…. • Many people with OCD know there rituals do not make sense • Can’t stop because something bad might happen to a: -family member -pet -friend -house -personal belonging When do you get help if you have OCD? • If you feel unable to keep up with your normal appearance and behavior • If you can’t work • If you cut off connections with friends and families and are unable to socialize • If you can’t take care of yourself and have trouble eating, sleeping, bathing, etc. Ways to cope with OCD…. •Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) •Support Groups •Family Therapy •See a Psychiatrist •Avoid people who make you feel bad •Have a healthy Life-Style •Find a creative outlet for feelings •Find something that relaxes you OCD comes with a lot of baggage…. • Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders and anxiety disorder: –Hypochondrias –Phobias –Panic Disorders –Social Anxiety –Anxiety Attacks –Depressions –Panic Attacks Causes of the Disorder…. • Psychoanalytic: OCD can be caused by depression of repressed feelings from another situation Treatments of the Disorder…. • Psychoanalysis Therapy (Psychodynamic Therapy): Freud’s theory of therapeutic help • Psychodynamic Therapy: Therapist tries to understand the patients symptoms at that current moment Treatments of the Disorder…. • Humanistic: Aim to boost selffulfillment –Carl Roger’s –Focus on the future –Conscious behaviors –Take responsibility for the actions –Want to see growth Treatments of the Disorder…. •Behavioral Therapy: –Apply learning principles to eliminate unwanted behavior –Exposure Therapy-Joseph Wolfe –Aversive conditioning-counter conditioning –Token Economy-Operant conditioning Treatments of the Disorder…. •Cognitive Therapies: –Teach people different ways of thinking –Assuming the thoughts they think between events –Telling them different ways to think Treatments of the Disorder…. •Group/ Family Therapy: –No one feels alone –Shows togetherness –Family can see what the person is going through, I that is not them doing this it is the disorder –Work to heal relationships –Help family discover their role in the family How to treat OCD with Medication…. Bio Medical Therapy • anti-depressants or other antianxiety medications: - Prozac (fluoxetine) - Zoloft (sertraline) - Paxil (paroxetine) - Luvox (fluvoxamine) • antibiotics Bibliography…. • “Obsessive-Compulsive Behaviors and Disorders: Symptoms, Treatment, and Support.” Helpguide Mental Health Issues. 6 July 2005. 23 December 2006.<http://www. helpguide.org/mental/obsessive_compulsive _disorder_ocd.htm> • “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.” Diagnostic criteria for 300.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. 27 December 2006.<http://www.behavenet.com /capsules/disorders/o-cd.htm> Bibliography…. • • • “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Screening Quiz.” Psych Central. 16 February 2006. 21 December 2006. <psychcentral.com/ocdquiz.htm> “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.” Family Doctor. 25 2005. 19 December 2006. <http://family July doctor.org/133.xml> “Risk Factors and Causes of OCD.” Healthy Place. 29 January 2006. 30 December 2006. <http://www.healthyplace.com/Communitie s/Anxiety/ocd_4.asp> Posttraumatic Stress Disorder By Emily Cumpata POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (According to DSM-IV) When an individual who has been exposed to a traumatic event develops anxiety symptoms, reexperiencing of the event, and avoidance of stimuli related to the event lasting more than four weeks. FACTS -PTSD is often experienced by combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims -About 4% of those who have experienced a natural disaster and 50% of those who have been kidnapped, held captive, tortured, or raped experience PTSD -(1988) The U.S. Centers for Disease Control compared 7000 Vietnam combat veterans to 7000 noncombat veterans who served in the same years -Combat stress more than doubled a veteran’s risk of alcohol abuse, depression, or anxiety -Roughly 15% of all Vietnam veterans reported having PTSD symptoms DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (According to DSM-IV) The person has been exposed to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present: 1. The person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others 2. The person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror. (In children, this may be expressed instead by disorganized or agitated behavior) DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (According to DSM-IV) The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced in one (or more) of the following ways : 1. Recurrent and intrusive distressing recollections of the event, including images, thoughts, or perceptions 2. Recurrent distressing dreams of the event 3. Acting or feeling as if the traumatic event were recurring (illusions, hallucinations, and dissociative flashback episodes, occurring while awake or when intoxicated) 4. Intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event 5. Physiological reactivity on exposure to internal/external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (According to DSM-IV) Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness (not present before the trauma), as indicated by three (or more) of the following: 1. Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations associated with the trauma 2. Efforts to avoid activities, places, or people that arouse recollections of the trauma 3. Inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma 4. Markedly diminished interest or participation in significant activities 5. Feeling of detachment or estrangement from others 6. Restricted range of affect 7. Sense of a foreshortened future DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA (According to DSM-IV) Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (not present before the trauma), as indicated by two (or more) of the following: 1. Difficulty falling or staying asleep 4. Hypervigilance 2. Irritability or outbursts of anger 5. Exaggerated startle 3. Difficulty concentrating response -Duration of the disturbance is more than 1 month -The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning CAUSES Psychoanalytic Perspective -This perspective argues that traumatic events shatter archaic and egotistical fantasies which are central to the organization of self-experience -The unconscious meanings of the traumatic events are found in faulty attempts to restore these fantasies -The victim attaches what actually changes the person's experience of self to the traumatic event TREATMENTS Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy -Dream analysis can be used to understand the affective elements of PTSD -There are many experimental difficulties are associated with dream analysis, but important discoveries have been uncovered through this type of research -Free association can be used to explore the unconscious mind of the victim -The victim relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, this may reveal the event that is affecting them CAUSES Humanistic Perspective Symptoms of PTSD can include: -Concern with humanistic values overlaid by hedonism (a self-indulgent devotion to pleasure and happiness as a way of life) -Negative self-image -According to humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, all people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies -However, PTSD victims are thwarted by an environment that inhibits growth and prevents them from reaching self-actualization TREATMENTS Humanistic Therapy -Humanistic therapy provides a hopeful view of human beings and the individual’s capacity to reach self-actualization -This therapeutic approach works more effectively with present (rather than past) occurrences, and is therefore not the best option for treating victims of PTSD CAUSES Behavioral/Learning Perspective -Fear conditioning -Anxiety has been linked with classical conditioning of fear -Many victims of PTSD experience anxiety with any reminder of their trauma -Anxiety can be caused by any internal or external cues that symbolize/resemble an aspect of the traumatic event -Reinforcement helps maintain fear: if the victim constantly is reminded of the trauma, they are more likely to respond negatively TREATMENTS Behavioral Therapy -There are two behavioral techniques for treating PTSD: exposure-based procedures anxiety management techniques -Used when anxiety disrupts daily functioning -Includes relaxation training, stress inoculation training, cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining and distraction techniques -A set of techniques involving the confrontation of feared situations and is used when the disorder involves excessive avoidance CAUSES Cognitive Perspective -Schemas provide the essential structural base for the cognitive components of individuals -The person’s personality consists of self-perpetuating patterns that are stable aspects of an individual's mode of engaging the world -These two aspects influence the expression of beliefs and symptoms associated with traumatic event -Victims of PTSD develop schemas, or mental molds into which they pour their experience TREATMENTS Cognitive Therapy -Cognitive therapy involves working with cognitions to change schemas, emotions, thoughts, and behaviors Also includes: -Learning skills for coping with anxiety and negative thoughts -Preparing for stress reactions -Addressing urges to use alcohol or drugs when trauma symptoms occur -Communicating and relating effectively with people CAUSES Biological/Somatic Perspective -People are genetically predisposed to particular fears and high anxiety -A traumatic event paired with a sensitive, high-strung temperament can often result in PTSD -Certain people may be more vulnerable physiologically and in turn have a different response to traumatic situations -Fear-learning experiences can traumatize the brain, by creating fear circuits within the amygdala TREATMENTS Group/Family Therapy -PTSD can have devastating effects on the family and friends of the victim -Group therapy is often an ideal therapeutic setting -Trauma survivors are able to share their feelings within the safety and empathy of the other survivors -They discuss and share how they cope with trauma-related shame, guilt, rage, fear, doubt, and selfcondemnation -They also prepare themselves to focus on the present rather than the past TREATMENTS Bio Medical Therapy -Medication (along with psychotherapy) have been shown to lessen the three major symptoms: reexperiencing, avoidance and hypervigilance -The most widely used drug treatments for PTSD are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as Prozac and Zoloft -It may help relieve the distress and emotional numbness caused by trauma memories -Currently, no particular drug has emerged as a definitive treatment -Medication is useful for symptom relief, which makes it possible for victims to participate in psychotherapy Bibliography • Beall, Lisa S. "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: a Bibliographic Essay." 1997. 30 Dec. 2006 <http://www.lib.auburn.edu/socsci/docs/ptsd.html>. • Jennifer, Lange T., Lange L. Christopher, and Rex B. Cabaltica. "Primary Care Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." American Family Physician. 1 Sept. 2000. AAFP. 1 Jan. 2007 <http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000901/1035.html>. • Myers, David G. Exploring Psychology. 6th ed. New York: Worth, 2005. • "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)." DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR. 2006. BehaveNet®. 19 Dec. 2006 <http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/ptsd.htm>. • "Treatment of PTSD." National Center for PTSD. 20 July 2006. United States Department of Government Affairs. 1 Jan. 2007 <http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/facts/treatment/fs_treatment.html>.