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Transcript
Chapter 15 Notes: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Section 15-1 Darwin’s Journey I. Theory of Evolution – change in living things over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms A. Theory – a well-supported and testable explanation II. Darwin’s Voyage A. Charles Darwin – contributed more to our understanding of evolution than anyone else a. born in England 1809 b. Darwin traveled around the world and collected evidence that led him theory of evolution B. Darwin’s observations a. Darwin’s thoughts: 1. an enormous amount of species populate the Earth 2. each organism is suited to their environment 3. found fossils of some organisms that do not exist any more and wondered why b. Darwin’s studies at the Galapagos Islands 1. small group of islands; close together, but have different climates 2. found that animals on different islands had slightly different characteristics, but seemed to be related 3. Darwin wondered if the different animals once belonged to the same species Section 15-2 Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking I. Scientists that contributed to Darwin’s theory: A. 1785 Hutton: Earth is shaped by geological forces over a long period of time B. 1798 Malthus: if the human population continues to grow, there will not be enough space and food C. 1809 Lamarck: first to propose an explanation of how things change over time; was not correct!! D. 1831 Darwin: sets sail on the “H.M.S.Beagle” and collected evidence E. 1833 Lyell: processes occuring now have shaped the Earth F. 1858 Wallace: Writes to Darwin about Natural Selection G. 1859 Darwin publishes his book “On The Origin of the Species” Section 15-3 Darwin’s Book I. Inherited Variation – members of a species are all different II. Artificial Selection – humans can select the variations of organisms that are useful and breed these individuals A. example: breeding cows that produce the most milk III. Natural Selection – traits that allow an organism to survive will increase over time, and traits that do not allow an organism to survive will decrease over time A. All organisms struggle to survive B. Fitness - the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce C. Adaptation – an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival ex: an insect that looks like a leaf can’t be seen by predators D. “Survival of the fittest” E. Natural selection is how evolution occurs F. Natural selection results in changes in the inherited traits of a population G. Cannot be seen directly – takes place over many generations over a long period of time IV. Descent with modification – natural selection produces organisms that have different structures or live in different places As a result, species today look different from their ancestors V. Common Descent – all species – living and extinct – came from one common ancestor; “tree of life” VI. Evidence of Evolution A. Fossil record – shows gradual changes over time B. Geographic distribution – different locations (environments) may cause a variety of changes in organisms over time; similarlooking animals in different locations may or may not be from a common ancestor C. Homologous structures – organisms with similar body structures share a common ancestor ex: limbs of vertebrates D. Vestigial structures – a structure with no function ex: human appendix (no function in digestion) E. Similar embryo stages – development of vertebrates is very similar