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Life Science SOL Review Cell Theory • 3 Key Points • All living things are composed of one or more cells • All cells come from other cells • All functions may be carried out by cells Robert Hooke & Cells • Looked at cork under a microscope • Cork comes from a plant • Plant cells look like boxes due to their rigid cell wall • These little “boxes” were the cork cells Levels of Cellular Organization • Going from most simple to most complex: Cells Tissues Organs Systems • The cells are the most basic • The systems make up all the others Identifying Organelles & their Function • Chloroplast • ONLY found in plant cells, NOT in animal cells • Organelle used by plants to generate their own energy or make their own food…used in photosynthesis • Chloroplasts are why the plant looks green Identifying Organelles & their Function • Vacuole • Responsible for STORING food, water, and waste Identifying Organelles & their Function • Nucleus • Contains DNA • Directs the activities of the cell Identifying Organelles & their Function • Mitochondria • Responsible for the release of ENERGY to support cell activities Identifying Organelles & their Function • Ribosomes • Site of protein synthesis (where the proteins are made) • Looks like little black dots • Can be floating around in cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Identifying Organelles & their Function • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Like a highway system for the cell • Network of membranes • Important in protein transport within the cell Identifying Organelles & their Function • Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus • Function = package and process the products of the endoplasmic reticulum (proteins, lipids, etc.) Organ Systems & Functions • Respiratory System • • • • Breathing Primary organ = lungs Need lungs to take in oxygen Respiratory system works with circulatory (blood) system to pump oxygen to all the body’s cells Organ Systems & Functions • Circulatory System • Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells • Our body’s cells must have oxygen to perform their basic functions Organ Systems & Functions • Excretory System • Purpose = to get rid of waste • Examples: • Sweat, #1, & #2 • Another function of sweat is for temperature control (evaporative cooling) • Kidneys help filter liquid waste Organ Systems & Functions • Digestive System • Purpose = to get energy from the food we eat • Primary Organs • Stomach • Esophagus • Small & Large Intestine Organ Systems & Functions • Reproductive System • Purpose = to make babies • Primary Organs • Sperm & Egg & the organs that produce them Organ Systems & Functions • Immune System • Purpose = help keep us healthy • Primary Cells: • White blood cells Photosynthesis • Process by which plants produce their own food • Plants take in carbon dioxide & water and with the help of light energy produce glucose (plant food) and oxygen Photosynthesis Reactants (Raw Materials) carbon dioxide + water Products light energy This whole process is not only vital for the plants to create their own energy, but vital for humans and all other animals because we NEED OXYGEN…and we don’t want carbon dioxide! glucose + oxygen Photosynthesis • Because plants produce their own food, they are called “Producers” • Producers are at the base or the foundation of the food web and are a vital part of the food web Respiration • Respiration is kinda like the “opposite” of photosynthesis • Photosynthesis produces oxygen and respiration uses oxygen • ALL CELLS RESPIRE…plant, animal, etc. Therefore, both plants and animals need oxygen Classification of Life & Characteristics • One HUGE tool that we use to classify organisms is to determine if they have a backbone • Another is to determine whether they make their own food – animals do NOT make their own food, they must get energy from eating something, whereas plants do make their own food (photosynthesis) Using Pictures to Determine Function • In trying to determine if a particular animal swims, look for webbed feet • In trying to determine if a seed is carried by wind, look for wings • Be prepared to classify animals based on information in a chart Endoskeleton vs. Exoskeleton • Endoskeleton = bones are inside • Examples: humans, dogs, cats, deer, etc. • Exoskeleton = skeleton is on the outside – it’s crunchy • Examples: insects, lobsters, crabs, etc. Animal & Plant Symmetry • Radial Symmetry = body is equally arranged around a central point (like a starburst, or the sun • Bilateral Symmetry = you can draw a line down the middle and the two halves look similar (like a person or a dog) • Asymmetrical = no symmetry at all (like an amoeba) Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry Inheritance • Some things you get from your parents, passed on through your DNA (genes), these things are inherited • eye color, blood type, height (to some extent) • Other things depend solely on your environment (like how much food you get or how much you train your body) • reading skill, endurance, broken bones, language, etc. DNA • DNA has several words that are essentially mean the same thing as it • Genes • Chromosomes • Hereditary Information • Chromatids • Genetic Material • The key to all of these is that they are contained in the nucleus and they direct the cells activities and they are passed on from generation to generation from the parents to the children Homozygous vs. Heterozygous • “Homo” means “same” • AA or aa • TT or tt • “Hetero” means “different” • Aa • Tt Phenotype vs. Genotype • Phenotype • What you actually see • Ex: purple pea plants • Genotype • What the genes code for • Ex: AA or Aa or aa Dominant vs. Recessive • Dominant = denoted by a capital letter o Genotype = AA or Aa • Recessive = denoted by a small letter o Genotype = aa • Phenotype Example: • AA = purple plants • Aa = purple plants • aa = white plants • THERFORE…purple is dominant over white Dominant vs. Recessive Dominant Purple Pea Plant AA or Aa Recessive White Pea Plant aa Asexual Reproduction • Involves only one parent • Offspring’s DNA is identical to the DNA of the parent • Does not contribute to genetic diversity Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction • Involves only two parents • Offspring gets half the DNA from one parent (Dad = sperm), half the DNA from the other parent (Mom = egg) • Good for genetic diversity Meiosis • Cellular reproduction process used to produce sperm and egg • Sperm and egg have only half the DNA that our body (somatic) cells have WHY? • Because sperm & egg combine to create the zygote (½ + ½ = 1) Mitosis • Cellular reproduction process used to body cells (like skin, liver, etc.) • During mitosis, the doubling of chromosomes ensures that both the new cells have identical genetic makeup Mitosis vs. Meiosis Hybrid Vigor • Genetic Diversity = a good thing • Hybrid = a cross between to different species • Example: buffalo & cattle • This cross between the two different species often leads to offspring that is better adapted to the environment than either of their parent species