Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY Biology 220 Professor Sharon Daniel PERSPECTIVES The Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS Classification Scheme Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens Scientific Binominal: Homo sapiens KINGDOM 6 Recognized Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia EUBACTERIA Characteristics Prokaryotes Unicellular Microscopic Kinds Decomposers Parasites Some Photosynthetic Some recycle nitrogen ARCHAEBACTERIA Characteristics Prokaryotes Unicellular microscopic Differ biochemically from Eubacteria Kinds Methanogens Halophiles Thermophiles PROTISTA Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Mostly unicellular Kinds • Protozoa, Algae and Slime Molds FUNGI Characteristics Eukaryotes Heterotrophic Absorb nutrients, do not photosynthesize Kinds Decomposers; some parasitic PLANTAE Characteristics Eukaryotes Multicellular Photosynthetic Kinds Primary producers; important source of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere ANIMALIA Characteristics Eukaryotes Multicellular Organisms Must eat other organisms for nourishment High degree of tissue and body organization in complex animals • • • • Motility Complex Sense Organs Nervous Systems Muscular Systems PHYLA of the Animal Kingdom Range from Simple (Phylum Protozoa) to complex (Phylum Chordata) Phylogeny = the study of Phyla Ontogeny = the study of individual development Embryology = the study of prenatal development Classification requires the study of all phases of the life cycle Phylum: Chordata Characteristics Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord Notochord Pharyngeal Pouches Seen in all Chordates In some, only present in the embryo Must study embryology to properly classify Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord See in human embryos Lies dorsal to the Notochord Develops into the Brain and Spinal Cord of adults Notochord Flexible rod of tissue Mid-dorsal Position later occupied by the vertebral column In adult, only remnants are inside intervertebral discs Pharyngeal Pouches Envaginations of pharyngeal walls Gill slits in fish In human adults, become: Eustachian tube Middle ear cavity Tympanic membrane Subphylum: Vertebrata Characteristics Animals with backbones • Forms a vertebral column • In most animals, largely replaces the notochord Endoskeleton Closed circulatory system Paired kidneys that regulate fluid balance Complete digestive system Sexes typically separate Subphylum: Vertebrata Other Characteristics Bilateral Symmetry • An animal can be sectioned into right and left haves; one the mirror image of the other Segmentation Tube-within-a-tube body plan Body Cavities Subphylum: Vertebrata Other Characteristics Bilateral Symmetry Segmentation: Tube-within-a-tube body plan Body Cavities Subphylum: Vertebrata Other Characteristics Bilateral Symmetry Segmentation Tube-within-a-tube body plan: • Tube formed by digestive organs within the body Body Cavities Subphylum: Vertebrata Other Characteristics Bilateral Symmetry Segmentation Tube-within-a-tube body plan Body Cavities: • Closed to the external environment • Contain internal organs Body Cavities: Dorsal Cranial Cavity Houses the Brain Vertebral Canal Houses the Spinal Cord Body Cavities: Ventral (Lateral View) Thoracic Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity (contains the “viscera”) Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity Lined by serous membranes Body Cavities: Thoracic (Anterior View) Mediastinum: a potential space that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, etc Plural Cavities: contain the lungs Pericardial Cavity: contains the heart Serous Cavities Ventral Body Cavity Lined by a serous membrane, or Serosa Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs Serous fluid Secreted by the membranes Is slick; reduces friction Serous Pericardium Around the Heart Parietal Pericardium Visceral Pericardium Pericardial Cavity Filled with serous fluid The Plural Cavities Around the Lungs Parietal Pleura: lines walls of thoracic cavity Visceral Pleura: covers each lung The Peritoneal Cavity Around some abdominopelvic organs Contained within the abdominopelvic cavity Parietal Peritoneum Covers wall of abdominopelvic cavity Visceral Peritoneum Covers organs of the peritoneal cavity Some organs are retroperitoneal Abdominal Divisions Quadrants: 4 Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal Divisions Regions: 9 Rt Hypochondriac region Rt Lumbar region Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region Epigastric region Umbilical region Hypogastric (Pubic) region Lt Hypochondriac region Lt Lumbar region Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region Other Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities Classes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Class Osteichthyes Characteristic Bony fish Marine and fresh water Gills Swim bladder Cold-blooded Generally oviparous Class Amphibia Aquatic larva typically metamorposize into terrestrial adults Gas exchange through lungs and/or moist skin Heart consists of two atria and one ventricle Systemic and pulmonary circulations Class Reptila Tetrapods Mainly terrestrial Body covered with hard scales Reproduction adapted for land (internal fertilization, leathery shell, amnion) Lungs Ventricles of the heart partially divided Class Aves Tetrapods with feathers Anterior limbs modified into wings Compact, streamlined body Lungs Four-chambered heart Completed separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood Endotherms Vocal calls and complex songs Class Mammalia Characteristics Hair Mammary glands Differentiation of teeth Muscular diaphragm Endotherms Four-chambered heart with systemic and pulmonary circuits Red blood cells without nuclei Complex nervous system Internal fertilization Order Primates Five digits Nails Usually an opposable thumb Cerebrum Family Hominidae Large cerebrum Highly developed eyesight Terrestrial biped Genus Homo Steep facial angle Prominent nose Prominent chin Less prominent supraorbital ridges Species Sapiens Largest Cerebrum Increasing Brain Size Increasing Skeletal size Increasing tool use Decreasing tooth size Decreasing Skeletal robustness PERSPECTIVES The Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY Anatomy Greek=to cut up, or dissect The science that deals with the structure of the body Kinds: Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Comparative Anatomy Gross Anatomy Definition: That which can be seen with the naked eye Kinds: Regional: • body studied by area Systematic: • body studied by system Microscopic Anatomy Definition: That which can be seen with the assisted eye Kinds: Cytology: • The study of cells Histology: • The study of tissues Organology: • The study of organs Developmental Anatomy Definition: The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle Kinds: Embryology: • The study of prenatal development Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth Ontogeny: • Total development of an individual Comparative Anatomy Definition: Comparison of structures between organisms Kinds: Vertebrate: • Comparison of structures among the vertebrate classes Phylogeny: • The study of phyla, and their relationships Physiology The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be completely separated. Form is related to function History of Anatomy In Western Civilization: began around the Mediterranean Sea Mesopotamia The Greeks Hippocrates (~400 B.C.): Father of Medicine Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): structure and function Alexandria in Egypt First Medical School, cadaver dissection Herophilus (300 B.C.): Father of Anatomy Rome (after Alexandria fell) Galen (A.D. 130-201): “the supreme authority” History After the Fall of Rome (476 A.D.): the dark ages Medical knowledge saved by Byzantium and the Islamic world monasteries 1200’s Out of the dark ages Medical schools in Solerno, Bologna Italy 1400’s: Renaissance Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519) Vesalius: the “Reformer of Anatomy” (1514-1564) Based on cadaver dissection again; corrected Galen The father of modern anatomy The emergence of modern medicine Tashrih al-badan manuscript Ca 1400-1500 By Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Faqih LLyas Persian Anatomist 50 Tibb al-Akbar manuscript Female figure Ca 1650-1700 by Muhammad Akbar Persian Physician 51 Leonardo’s Sketches 52 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Albinus Tabulae Sceleti e Musculorum Corporis Humani (London, 1749). Copperplate engraving with etching. National Library of Medicine Plastination: Gunter von Hagen PERSPECTIVES The Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Chemical Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism PERSPECTIVES The Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body MAJOR FUNCTIONS Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body Anabolism: building; requires energy Catabolism: break-down; releases energy Excitability/Conductivity: Contractility Growth and Development Reproduction PERSPECTIVES The Classification of Humans The Definition of Anatomy Structural Levels of Organization The Relationship of Structure to Function The Systems of the Human Body Integumentary System Components Skin Hair, nails Function External covering Protection Synthesis of Vitamin D Location of Sense receptors Skeletal System Components Bones Joints and adjacent cartilages Function Support Protection Movement Blood cell production (red bone marrow) Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus) Muscular System Components Skeletal Muscles Associated Connective Tissues (tendons) Function Locomotion Manipulation of the environment Facial expression (communication) Maintain posture Produce heat Circulatory System Components Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Function Transportation of materials Within the body To and from internal and external environments Cardiovascular System Components Heart Vessels Function Transportation of blood Blood contains O2 and CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc. Blood composed of plasma and cells Lymphatic System Components Lymphatic Organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc.) Lymphatic Vessels Function Transportation of lymph Lymph is derived from tissue fluid Houses white blood cells Immune System Components Immune Organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc.) White blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.) Function Defense (Immune response) Nervous System Components Brain, Spinal cord (CNS) Nerves (PNS), sense receptors Function Control system (fast, “hard wired”) Response to external and internal environments Endocrine System Components Glands that secrete hormones E.g.:Pituitary, pancreas, thyroid Function Control system (slow, “chemical”) Regulates processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use Respiratory System Components Lungs Tubing ( trachea, bronchus, etc.) Larynx (vocal cords) Function Exchange of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Between blood and atmosphere Voice production Digestive System Components Alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Accessory structures(liver, salivary glands, etc.) Function Break down food into small, absorbable pieces Between blood and lumen Eliminate waste Urinary System Components Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra Function Eliminate waste (nitrogen) from blood Between blood and external environment Regulates water, electrolytes, acid/base Reproductive System Components Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Function Perpetuation of the species Hormones influence structure and function Sexually bimorphic species Anatomical Terminology Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Anatomical Terminology A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections. The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes. Sections and Planes A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. Sections and Planes A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Sections and Planes A sagittal plane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves. Sections and Planes A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane. A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane. A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle. Directional Terms of the Body Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of them there is a correlative term that means just the opposite. Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body : Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface Dorsal =At the back side of the human body Ventral = At the belly side of the human body Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the head or tail of the body: Superior = Toward the head or above Inferior = Toward feet not head Caudal = At the rear or tail end Cranial = At the head end Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to the midline or center of the body: Medial = Toward the midline of the body Lateral = Away from the midline of the body Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure Superficial = On the outside Relative and Directional Terms of the Body Relative to point of attachment of the appendage: Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk Body Regions The human body is partitioned into two main regions, called the axial and appendicular regions. the axial region includes the head, neck, and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of our body our limbs, or appendages, attach to the body’s axis and make up the appendicular region THE END