Download Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Human Anatomy and
Physiology I
Chapter 1
Cramming is a sure path to failure !
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Read ahead
Attend class and pay attention!!
Review within 24 hours
Study a little at a time
Study often
“Do something” with the material : make
flashcards, draw diagrams, make up songs.
You will learn a new language, made up of
reusable and interchangeable parts.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluco – sugar - glucose
Neo - new
Genesis - to make, produce or generate
The production of new glucose molecules
from other, non-sugar, substances.
Glucosuria
Gluco – sugar (glucose)
Uria - urine
An abnormal amount of sugar in the urine
Hematuria
Uria - urine
Hemato - blood
Blood in the urine
Anatomy is the study of the structures of
the body, and the relationship among structures.
This is the what and where of the body.
In Greek:
ana means “up”
temos or tomos means “cutting”
Divisions
• Gross Anatomy – observation of large
anatomical structures without the use
of instrumentation or equipment
• Microscopic Anatomy – study of cells
(cytology)and tissues (histology)
• Systemic Anatomy – study of anatomy
that focuses on learning about body
systems
Physiology is the study of how the body
functions.
The “how” is often on a chemical level.
Typically the structure of an organ determines
its function.
In Greek:
physis means “nature”
logos means “science or study”
How do we know something is alive ?
Characteristics of Life:
1. Order
2. Reproduction, Growth, and
Develop
3. Regulation
4. Sensitivity
5. Homeostasis
6. Evolve
Homeostasis is maintaining a fairly constant
internal environment in spite of a changing
external environment.
All body systems attempt to maintain
homeostasis.
Metabolism: sum total of all the chemical
and physical reactions that occur in the
body to maintain homeostasis
Feedback loops
1. Control center
2. Receptors that monitor changes
3. Effectors (muscles or glands) receive
information from the control center and
produce a response
Negative feedback reverses (opposes)
changes (Sweating, shivering, etc.)
Positive feedback brings a process to
completion (accelerates process)Ex. childbirth
Disease is a homeostatic imbalance.
Symptoms are subjective changes that are
not apparent to an observer.
Signs are objective changes which can be
observed or measured.
pathology: study of diseases
etiology: study of all factors involved in causing
a disease
syndrome: collection of different signs and
symptoms
acute: sudden and short
chronic: develop slowly and last
idiopathic: disease of undetermined causes
epidemiology: study of diseases in human
population
endemic: disease native to a local region
epidemic: when disease spreads to many
Individuals at the same time
pandemic: disease affects large geographic
regions – perhaps worldwide
Body Types
• Somatotype: categories of build or
physique
1.Endomorph: heavy, rounded with lots of
fat in trunk and thighs
2.Mesomorph: muscular
3.Ectomorph: thin, fragile with little body fat
• Anatomic position- the assumed body
position whenever there is any reference
to a description of any region or part of the
human body
• 1. body is standing erect (upright position)
• 2. body is facing the observer
• 3. arms are placed at the sides of the body
• 4. palms of hands are turned forward
• 5. feet are flat, on the floor, and pointing
forward
Positional Terms
• Superior – “above”
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Inferior – “below”
Anterior – toward the front
Posterior – toward the back
Medial – toward the midline
Lateral – toward the sides
Proximal – closer to the torso
Distal – farther from the torso
Body Sections
• Sagittal – any plane that cuts the
body into right and left sides
–Midsagittal – plane that divides
equally
–Parasagittal – plane that divides
unequally
Midsaggital
Parasaggital
• Transverse – horizontal
plane that cuts into upper
and lower portions.
• Frontal (Coronal)– vertical
plane that cuts into front and
back sections
Transverse
Coronal
(Frontal)
Specific Body Regions:
AXIAL: head, neck, torso
APPENDICULAR: all appendages (see
page 13)
Body Cavities
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B.
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Cranial – brain cavity
Spinal (vertebral) – spine
Thoracic – heart and lungs
left and right pleural (lungs)
mediastinum (heart, esophagus,
trachea, bronchi, etc,)
Abdominal (sometimes called
“abdominopelvic cavity”)– “guts”
Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes
line the body cavities and surround organs
Visceral refers to the membrane
closest to the organs.
Parietal refers to the membrane that lines
the body walls (cavities)
The pleura surrounds the lungs
The pericardium surrounds the heart
The peritoneum surrounds the abdominal
organs