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Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology of Sports The Human Body – An Orientation: ANATOMY – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts PHYSIOLOGY – study of how the body and its parts work or function Anatomy – levels of study: Gross anatomy • Large structures • easily observable Anatomy – levels of study: Microscopic anatomy • Very small • can only be viewed with a microscope Levels of structural organization: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Chemical level (atoms and molecules) Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level Levels of structural organization Necessary Life Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Maintain boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Breakdown and delivery of nutrients Metabolism Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction Production of future generations Growth Increasing cell size and number Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbo’s, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions Water 60 – 80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reactions Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terminology is used for 1. 2. 3. 4. Position Direction Regions Structures ORGAN SYSTEMS OVERVIEW The Skeletal System Protects and supports Provides muscle attachment Blood cell formation Stores minerals The Muscular System Locomotion Posture Produces heat The Nervous System Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Cardiovascular System Transports materials via blood pumped by heart • Oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Nutrients • Wastes The Respiratory System Supplies blood with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide The Digestive System Digestion Nutrient absorption Eliminates indigestible material Body Planes Planes of the Body Median Plane (mid-sagittal) Cuts into right and left sides Planes of the Body Frontal Plane (coronal) Cuts into front and back sections Planes of the Body Transverse Plane Cuts into top and bottom sections Body Cavities Body Cavities Ventral Cavities: (anterior or front) •Thoracic cavity holds the heart and lungs Abdominopelvic divides into: •Abdominal cavity •holds the digestive organs •Pelvic cavity •holds the reproductive organs Body Cavities Dorsal Cavities: (Posterior or back) •Cranial cavity holds the brain •Spinal cavity holds the spinal cord Anatomical Position Feet together Arms to the side Head eyes and palms of the hands facing forward The thumb is a lateral structure, not an anterior one Anatomical position ensures consistency in conversation and explanations. Orientation of the Body Superior (cranial or cephalad) Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above. Inferior (caudal) Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below Anterior and Posterior Anterior (ventral) Toward or at the front of the body: in front of Posterior (dorsal) Toward or at the backside of the body: behind Medial and Lateral Medial Toward or at the midline of the body: on the inner side of Lateral Away from the mid line of the body: on the outer side of Proximal and Distal Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk