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Intro to Human Anatomy Chapter 1 What’s the Difference? ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY Which has more new discoveries? Anatomy or Physiology? • To send a nerve impulse, sodium and potassium ions must switch places in the cell • The human tailbone is a fusion of multiple vertebrae • When the bicep muscle contracts, it pulls on tendons and ligaments which move the lower arm Homeostasis • Maintaining a stable internal environment • Organ systems function to maintain homeostasis – Examples? Homeostasis • Homeostatic mechanisms work by: 1. Having a set point (normal, balanced) 2. Receptors in the body detect deviations or stimulus • Increase or decrease past the set point 3. Trigger a set of events to bring the situation back to normal Blood Sugar Regulation Homeostasis • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK – Correction occurs opposite direction of stimulus – Examples: • Body temp rises; cooling mechanisms activated • Body temp drops; heating mechanisms activated – Other examples? Homeostasis • POSITIVE FEEDBACK - Stimulus amplifies response in the same direction – Examples: • Chemicals present in a blood clot lead to more clotting • A baby drinking mother’s milk causes more milk production • Pressure in the uterus during childbirth leads to stronger contractions Homeostasis • VITAL SIGNS – A measure of homeostasis – Indicate that someone is alive • What is measured in a test of vital signs? Organization of the Body • Lots of vocabulary to describe the body – Why? • Allows doctors to communicate as clearly as possible – Which would you rather hear as a surgeon? • “It hurts in the left upper side of my chest.” • “I’m having pain in the left lateral pleural cavity, superior to the heart.” Organization of the Body • Many body cavities lined by membranes PARIETAL – lines body cavity VISCERAL – covers organ Organization of the Body • Always refer to body in ANATOMICAL POSITION – Face forward – Palms forward – Note: Right and left refer to the patient Organization of the Body • To observe different sections, we cut the body along various imaginary planes – SAGITTAL (median) – FRONTAL (coronal) – TRANSVERSE (horizontal) Organization of the Body What does this mean? The lesion is located in the right thorax just lateral to the mid-sagittal plane.