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Anatomy and Physiology Objectives: 1. Describe the branches of Anatomy and Physiology 2. Recognize the main functions of each organ system. Anatomy: The study of STRUCTURE. Gross Anatomy: Large, easily observable structures. Microscopic Anatomy: Structures too small to observe with the naked eye. Cytology – the study of cells Histology – the study of tissues Physiology – The study of FUNCTON. Ex: Cardiac Physiology: study of the function of the heart Organization in Living Things Cells are made of organic molecules: Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids make up the cell and organelles. MoleculesAtomsCellsTissuesOrgan Organ SystemOrganism Organization in Living Things Damage at any level can affect the health and functioning of the organism. Systems of Support Integumentary System: The Skin The external covering of the body, AKA skin!! Functions: Waterproofs the body Protects the deeper tissues from injury Regulates body temperature Systems of Support Skeletal System Serves as a framework of support Protects internal organs Muscular System Skeletal muscles make up the muscular system. Contract/shorten for movement, heat production Systems of Control Nervous System The body’s fast-acting control system Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors. Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands Regulates gradual changes within the body, with chemical controllers called hormones. Systems that maintain Homeostasis Cardiovascular System: Heart, Blood Vessels Delivery & transport of gases, nutrients and wastes Respiratory System: Lungs Gas exchange (carbon dioxide oxygen) Systems that maintain Homeostasis Digestive System Alimentary Canal: A tube running through the body from mouth to anus. Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients Urinary System Removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine. Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Systems that maintain Homeostasis Lymphatic/Immune System: Defends body against pathogens, infection and disease Reproductive System: Main function is producing offspring Produces gametes (egg and sperm) Maintaining Life 1. 2. 3. Objectives: Become familiar with the human body’s necessary life functions & survival needs. Define homeostasis & how it persists in the body. Differentiate between positive & negative feedback and provide examples Necessary Life Functions Maintained boundaries (insides separate from outside) Movement Responsiveness (to environment) Digestion Metabolism (ATP, energy) Excretion (removing waste) Reproduction Growth (cell growth) Survival Needs Nutrients (for energy & cell maintenance Oxygen (O2 releases energy from food) Water Regulated body temperature (98.6° F) Regulated atmospheric pressure (for breathing) Homeostasis The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing A.K.A. “balance” or “equilibrium” In order for homeostasis to occur/continue, the following are needed… Homeostasis needs…. 1. A Receptor: A type of sensor that responds to changes in the environment. 2. A Control Center: Analyzes information it receives from the environment then determines the response. 3. The Effector: Acts out the control center’s response to the stimulus. Feedback Negative Feedback The most common feedback The body is trying to slow or stop the stimulus Feedback Positive Far Feedback less common The body is trying to increase the stimulus Ex. Childbirth & Blood clotting