Download Introduction To Anatomy - Lewiston Public Schools

Characteristics of Life
• Physical and chemical changes metabolism.
• To be defined as living, organism
must possess all characteristics of
life.
http://www.doctorjackson.org/images/metabolism.jpg
• 1Movement – self-initiated change in
position; can also include internal
movement as well.
• Plants - directed movement towards
sunlight; also have movement at
cellular level.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg
This plant is exhibiting phototropism,
a movement towards the sunlight.
• 2Responsiveness –ability of organism
to respond to changes in
environment.
• Jellyfish can feel touch and
respond appropriately to it even
with no real “brain”.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jelly_Monterey.jpg
• 3Growth – change in body size.
• Does not necessarily mean change in
body shape as well.
http://manduca.entomology.wisc.edu/images/growth-third.jpg
• 4Reproduction – must be able to make
new individual.
• Done in 2 ways – asexually and
sexually.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction
Asexual reproduction in a liverwort.
• 5Respiration – process of exchanging
gasses with environment.
• Animals - obtaining oxygen and
using it to release energy from
food.
http://www.people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes6.htm
• 6Digestion – chemical and mechanical
breakdown of food into smaller and
more usable substances.
• Cells use smaller bits for energy.
http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/digest_noSW.html
• 7Absorption – digested materials pass
through membranes - allows
materials to be taken back up into
system.
http://images.healthcentersonline.com/digestive/images/article/SmallIntestine.jpg
• 8Circulation –movement of substances
through body in fluid form.
• Humans use circulatory system to
accomplish this.
B.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system
A.
C.
Various circulatory systems –
A. Human
B. Grasshopper
C. Mollusk
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookcircSYS.html
• 9Excretion –removal of wastes from
body.
• All processes collectively
called metabolism.
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/bio100/Lectures/Lect16/Image270.gif
• Homeostasis - ability of organism to
maintain a stable environment.
• Internal temperature of human
must remain relatively stable in
order to survive.
• To achieve homeostasis, negative
and positive feedback loops used.
• Negative feedback - change in
homeostasis triggers response in
opposite direction.
• Human temperature rises - body
will trigger sweating response to
cool body off.
http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f20-2a_negative_feedbac_c.jpg
• Positive feedback – change in
homeostasis triggers response in
same direction - labor.
• Uterine contractions in labor
stimulate release of oxytocin causes uterus to contract even
more.
http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-13/0914.jpg
Levels of Organization
• Cell - smallest unit of body.
• Cells form tissues.
• Specialized tissue form organs.
• Organs work together in organ
systems.
• Organ systems make up organism.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookAnimalTS.html
CELL
TISSUE
www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/muscle1.html
ORGAN SYSTEM
http://www.bmb.leeds.ac.uk/illingworth/myopath/heart.htm
ORGAN
http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/systems/circulation.html
Systems of the Body
• 1Integumentary system – primary organ
- skin (integument).
• 2 layers – epidermis, dermis.
• Also contains blood vessels,
receptors, glands.
• Functions in temperature
regulation, protection, removal of
wastes.
http://www.science.ubc.ca/~biomania/tutorial/skin/outanc01.htm
• 2Digestive system – breaks down foods
into nutrients that cell membranes
can absorb.
• Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus,
liver, stomach, appendix, pancreas,
gallbladder, small intestines, large
intestines, rectum, anal canal.
http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/digest_noSW.html
• 3Respiratory system - exchange of
gases between atmosphere and
body cells.
• Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree,
lungs.
http://www.cyber-north.com/anatomy/respirat.htm
• 4Reproductive system - produce and
nurture sex cells and transport
them to sites of fertilization; also
functions in secretion of hormones.
• Testes and their accessory organs
(male) ovaries, uterus and
accessory organs (female)
http://www.cyber-north.com/anatomy/reproduc.htm
• 5Cardiovascular system – brings oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells;
remove wastes from cells.
• Heart and blood vessels (arteries,
veins, capillaries)
http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_circ.htm
• 6Muscular system - support and
movement, propels body fluids and
food, provides heartbeat, provides
heat.
• Composed of all muscles, voluntary
and involuntary.
http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_musc.htm
• 7Nervous system - detects changes
outside and within body, stimulate
responses to muscles or glands,
monitors body’s internal
environment.
• Consists of neurons, spinal cord,
brain, nerves.
http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/amcgann/body/nervous.html
• 8Endocrine system - secretes hormones
into body fluids.
• Includes all glands, hypothalamus,
thymus, pancreas, kidney, ovaries
and testes.
http://www.biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/endocrin.htm
• 9Lymphatic system - transports excess
fluid from interstitial spaces and
returns it to bloodstream; produces
lymphocytes to help fight
infections.
• Bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland,
lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix.
http://www.lymphomainfo.net/lymphoma/lymphsys.html
• 10Skeletal system - movement,
protection of internal organs,
production blood marrow,
attachment for the muscles.
• All bones in body.
http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
• 11Urinary system - removes wastes
from blood and disposes of them.;
functions in balance of electrolytes
and regulation of pH and body
fluids.
• Kidneys, bladder, ureters, and
urethra.
http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/13_1.html
Body Cavities
• Human body divided into 2 portions.
1
• Axial - head, neck, trunk.
•
2Appendicular
- upper and lower limbs.
http://www.rit.edu/~japfaa/axial.jpg
• Within axial portion - 2 cavities.
1
• Dorsal cavity - cranial (skull) and
vertebral (spinal cord and portions
of backbone) cavities.
Cranial
Cavity
Dorsal
Cavity
• 2Ventral cavity - thoracic cavity (chest
area) and abdominopelvic cavity
(abdominal area).
• Thoracic and abdominopelvic
separated by diaphragm.
Thoracic
Cavity
Diaphragm
Ventral
Cavity
Abdominopelvic
Cavity
• Mediastinum separates left and right
lung.
• Abdominopelvic cavity divided into
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
• Walls of thoracic cavity lined with
pleura (parietal pleura).
• Visceral pleura lines lungs.
• Parietal always attached to cavity;
visceral always attached to organ.
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
• Potential space between 2 - pleural
cavity.
• Not an actual space - area where
there is fluid between visceral and
parietal membranes.
Pleural Cavity
• Heart surrounded by pericardial
membrane.
• Visceral membrane surrounds
heart; separated from parietal
membrane by pericardial cavity.
Pericardial
Cavity
Parietal
Pericardium
Visceral
Pericardium
• Abdominopelvic cavity lined with
peritoneal membranes.
• Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal
wall.
• Visceral peritoneum lines each
organ.
• Separated by peritoneal cavity.
http://www.finejewelrydesigns.com/images/peritoneum-chart.jpg
Terminology
• Anatomical position - body standing
erect, face forward, with upper
limbs at side with palms upward.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_position
Relative Terms
• 1Superior – above (head superior to
neck)
• 2Inferior – below (neck inferior to
head)
•
3Anterior – toward the front (nose is
anterior to brain)
•
4Posterior – toward the back (brain is
posterior to nose)
http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/ponyexpress/pony1_2/anatom12.gif
• 5Medial – toward middle of body
•
•
(nose is medial to eyes)
6Lateral – toward side of body (eyes
are lateral to nose)
7Proximal – near point of attachment
(elbow is proximal to wrist)
http://www.emergencymedicaled.com/images/Anatomical%20Position.gif
• 8Distal – away from point of
•
•
attachment (fingers are distal to
wrist)
9Superficial – toward surface (skin is
superficial to blood)
10Deep – more internal (blood is deep
to skin)
Body Sections
• 1Sagittal – lengthwise cut dividing
body into left and right side.
• Divided evenly - midsagittal.
•
http://www.tech.nite.go.jp/human/eng/image/iintroduction/sagittal.jpg
• 2Transverse – horizontal cut divides
body into superior and inferior
sections.
•
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1textbook/1anatomytextch1.html
Transverse ->
• 3Coronal – divides body into anterior
and posterior sections.
• Also known as frontal.
Coronal
Regions
• Abdominal area divided into 9
regions.
• 1Epigastric – Upper middle portion.
• 2Left/Right Hypochondriac – Either side
•
of epigastric.
3Umbilical – Middle portion.
http://health.yahoo.com/media/healthwise/nr55551989.jpg
• 4Left/Right Lumbar – Either side of
umbilical.
• 5Hypogastric – Lower middle portion.
• 6Left/Right iliac – Either side of
hypogastric.
http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/Image564.gif
Other terms
•
•
•
•
•
1Acromial
– point of shoulder.
2Antecubital –
area in front of elbow.
3Axillary
– armpit.
4Patellar
– front of knee.
5Popliteal –
back of knee.