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1. What causes an immune response and increase of white blood cells? • Antigens cause an increase in antibodies 2What moves the bacteria cells? • Flagella 3What is the main difference between lytic and Lysogenic cycles in viruses? • Lytic is the shorter cycle that ends in cell destruction/lysed. Lysogenic is longer and leads into the lytic cycle steps. 4. Describe viruses? • Viruses are nonliving particles of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. They can only survive & reproduce in a host, change over time and attach to only 1 specific type of cell/receptor 5How does a virus get let into a cell? • Attaches to a receptor & “tricks” its way in by mimicking cell 6Who do bacteriophages attack? • They infect bacteria 7What is always the first line of defense against infections? • Skin and mucous membranes 8What is the main difference in curing bacterial infections that does not work for viruses? • Antibiotics 9Describe the HIV virus? • It is a retrovirus that goes through the Lysogenic cycle (that is why it is spread without knowing) and it mutates easily 10What is the function of the endocrine system? • To adjust hormone/chemical levels to changes inside and outside of the body 11What is the relationship between an endocrine gland and hormones? • An endocrine gland secretes hormones 12What are the 4 steps to wound healing? • Blood clot-scab-newly divided cells/repairing-sloughing off 13Define somatic system. • Voluntary 14Define autonomic system. • Involuntary 15What are the divisions of the autonomic system? • Parasympathetic and sympathetic 16. What are the parts of the central nervous system(CNS)? • Brain and spinal cord 17What are the parts of the peripheral nervous system(PNS)? • Neurons/nerves 18What is something that most body cells can do, but nerve cells can’t (not carry impulses)? • They can’t reproduce 19Draw and label the path of an impulse into and out of a neuron. 20What major nervous system organ is NOT involved in the reflex arc? • The brain 21Label what each of the following glands regulates: • • • • Pancreas- makes insulin Thyroid- regulates metabolism Pituitary- regulates other glands Adrenal- responses to stress 22What are the 4 main sets of axial bones? • Skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs 23What are the rest of the bones classified as? • Appendicular 24What are the functions of bones? • Support/structure, protection, movement, store minerals, and make blood cells 25What does red bone marrow produce? • White blood cells AND red blood cells 26What does yellow bone marrow produce? • Fat cells 27. Draw, label, and briefly describe movement for the following socket types: Ball-and-socket, hinge, saddle, & pivot 28What is the difference between ligament and tendons? • They both are attached to bone on one end, but ligaments are connected to another bone and tendons are connected to muscles 29How do muscles work in pairs? • As one muscle contracts the other relaxes and they reverse roles to move body part in the opposite direction 30Define synovial fluid. • Lubricating substance to protect end of bones 31. Define cartilage. • Strong & flexible tissue between bones 32What is the universal blood donor type and why? • O negative because anyone can receive it without adverse reaction 33What is the universal recipient and why? • AB positive because they can receive any type of blood without rejection 34Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the cells and veins carry deoxygenated blood from the cells back to the heart. 35Which area is common to both food and air? • Pharynx 36What flap closes so that food doesn’t go down the airway? • Epiglottis 37What do the muscles and diaphragms do to help in breathing? • They contract to inhale and relax to exhale 38 What are the four layers of the bone (outside to inner core)? • Periosteum-compactspongy-bone marrow •