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POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
Additional Text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC
UNIT 4
24&
15
The Lymphatic &
Immune System
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
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FOURTH EDITION
Lymphatic System
 Fluid leaks out of
capillaries onto tissuesit is now called lymph
 Lymphatic system
returns fluid and
proteins to circulatory
system
 Picks up fat absorbed at
intestines and transfers
it to circulatory system
 Servs as filter for
pathogens
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Fluid Exchange at a Capillary (Independent
Study)
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Figure 15-18b
Lymphatic System
lymph nodes are organs that
filter lymph fluid before it has an
opportunity to enter back into the
blood vessels. They also collect
antigens carried by lymph so they
can be engulfed by macrophages
and presented to lymphocytes.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15-19
spleen- largest lymphoid organ, it is almost the size of the heart. It
removes blood born pathogens and aged/damaged RBCs. It also
stores platelets. It has areas identified as white (lymphoid tissue)
and red pulp (vacular tissue).
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Lymphatic tissues contains
lymphocytes and assist the
body in fighting infections.
They are located in areas that
are most likely to be exposed
to antigen
Lymphatic tissues house
lymphocytes that are either
maturing or ready to respond
The lymphatic systems also
prevents swelling.
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Edema
 Two causes
 Inadequate drainage of
lymph
 Filtration far greater than
absorption
 Disruption of balance
between filtration and
absorption
 Increase in hydrostatic
pressure
 Decrease in plasma protein
concentration
 Increase in interstitial
proteins
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http://meded.ucsd.edu/isp/1994/imquiz/images/primedema.jpg
Immune System: Functions
 Protects from pathogens and foreign molecules (antigen)
 Parasites
 Fungus
 Protozoans
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Removes dead or damaged cells
 Attempts to recognize and remove abnormal cells developing
from mutation (ex Cancer) or viral infections
 May respond to incorrectly, over respond, or not respond
 Autoimmune disease (Type 1 diabetes)
 Allergies (respond to non-harmful molecules)
 Immunodeficiency disease (AIDS)
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Key Cells of the Immune System
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Figure 24-4
Body Defenses: Two Lines
 First Line of defense
 Physical and chemical barrier
 Skin, epithelial linings, and cilia
 Acids, mucous, and lysozymes
 Second Line of Defense
 Immune responses include:
 Detect and identify invader/foreign cells
 Communicate, alarm, and recruit immune cells
 Coordinate response among all participants
 Suppress or destroy invader
 Types of Immunity
 Innate, non-specific, immediate response
 Responses that don’t retain memory
 Guided by granulocytes and macrophages
 Acquired; attack a specific pathogen (antigen)
 Retain memory
 Guided by lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells
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Overview of Immunity
Immune System
Acquired Immunity
Innate Immunity
Physical
Barriers
* Integument
* Fluid
secretion
Cellular &
Chemical
Response
Actively
Acquired
•Granulocytes
* Vaccination Antigen
•Macrophages
* Infection
•Compliment
•Opsonins
* Mother
Specific=
APC &
MHC
•Inflammation
•Fever
Passively
Acquired
* Serum
Humoral
Immunity
Cell- Mediated
Immunity
* B-cells
*T- Lymphocytes
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*Natural Killer
Cells
Innate Immunity: Inflammatory Response
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/inflammation01a.jpg
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Innate Immunity: Inflammatory Response
 Attract immune cells and chemical mediators to site of
infection
 Produce physical barrier to prevent infection from spreading
 Promote tissue repair
 Histamines from mast cells
 Swelling, edema, vasodilation
 Interleukins
 Fever, blood vessels more permeable to white blood cells and
proteins, acute-phase proteins
 Bradykinin
 Pain and swelling
 Complement cascade
 Membrane attack complex
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Inflammatory Response: Players
Action of a membrane attack complex
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Figure 24-8
Macrophages Present antigen
 Phagocytosis and digestion of foreign cell allows
macrophates to present antigen
 Lysosomal enzymes digest pathogens that have been
enclosed in phagosomes
 Antigen presentation activates lymphocytes
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Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific
 T lymphocytes
 Helper T cells
 Cytotoxic T cells
 B lymphocytes
 Plasma cells
 Memory cells
 NK cells
 Naïve lymphocytes under
go clonal expansion once
activated.
 Effector cells- release
antibodies or cytokines
 Memory cells-assist in
faster subsequent responses
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Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific
 B lymphocytes: Humoral Immunity
 Immunoglobulins
 Plasma and memory cells
 Primary and secondary response
 How clonal expansion leads to immunologic memory
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Plasma Cells: Antibody Structure
Antibodies (Ab)
bind antigen (ag)
One Ab per Ag
One B-cell per Ab
type
Antibodies= (Ig)
immunoglobulins
Five classes:
IgG, IgA, IgE,
IgM, IgD
Light and heavy
chain
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Figure 24-12
Functions of Antibodies
6
Activates
complement
1 Activates B
lymphocytes
Antigen binds
to antibody
Antigen
binding
site
5 Triggers mast cell
degranulation
Memory
cells
Antibody
Plasma
cells
Secrete
antibodies
NK cell or eosinophil
Bacterial
toxins
4 Activates antibodydependent cellular
activity
3 Causes antigen clumping
and inactivation of
bacterial toxins
2 Acts as
opsonins
Enhanced
phagocytosis
Adapted from Jo Kuby, Immunology 2e (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1994)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 24-13, steps 1–6
T Lymphocytes : Cell-Mediated
Activation of T lymphocytes
 T cell receptors
 Cell activated by
antigen
 Major histocompatibility
complex (MHC)
incorporates antigen
fragments
 MHC class I = Cytotoxic
T cells
 MHC class II =Helper T
cells
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Figure 24-15
T Lymphocytes: Cell-Mediated
Roles of T lymphocytes and NK cells in cell-mediated
immunity. NK cells eliminate virus-infected and
tumor cells and secrete interferons to prevent viral
replication and active macrophages
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Figure 24-16
Defenses against Bacteria
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Defenses against Viruses
Viruses may
be neutralized
by antibodies
present from
previous
infections or
by attacking
the infected
cell.
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Figure 24-18
Allergic Responses
First exposure
Sensitization &
activation, clonal
expansion of B
cells, they form Ab
& memory cells
Re-exposure
Many antibodies,
activated T cells,
intensified
response,
inflammation
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Figure 24-19