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Chapter 17 The Lymphatic System and Immunity Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymphatic Flow From tissue to veins Pumped by muscle & respiratory pumps like venous return Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymphatic Flow Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymphatic Flow Interactions Animation Lymph Formation and Flow You must be connected to the internet to run this animation. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymphatic Organs Primary lymphatic organs- stem cells divide & develop into mature B & T-cells Red bone marrow & thymus Secondary organs: immune responses occur Lymph nodes, spleen & lymphatic nodules Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thymus Two lobed organ Posterior to sternum, medial to lungs & superior to heart T-cells divide & mature Self reactive cells are removed Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymph Nodes Scattered throughout the body Concentrated near mammary glands, axilla & groin Contain mature B-cells, T-cells dendritic cells and macrophages Filter lymph, trap foreign substances Macrophages & lymphocytes destroy most foreign substances Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lymph Nodes Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Spleen Between stomach & diaphragm Contains blood filled venous sinuses and RBCs, macrophages, lymphocytes plasma cells & granular leukocytes destroys worn or defective blood cells & platelets Stores platelets attacks foreign substances in blood Fetal hemopoiesis Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Inflammation Response to tissue damage Indicated by redness, pain, heat & swelling Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Inflammation 1. Damage mast cells, basophils & platelets release histamine increased permeability & vasodilation in blood vessels 2. Leakage of clotting proteins into tissue Isolate bacteria behind clot 3. Phagocytes attracted to site Neutrophils & macrophages eat & die 4. Pocket of dead cells = pus Moves to body surface or into cavity & is cleared Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Inflammation Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fever Abnormally high body temperature New set-point of thermoregulation system Normal temperature control action with new set point Stimulated by many toxins or internal signals Interleukin-1 Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Maturation of T and B cells From stem cells in red bone marrow B cells mature in bone marrow T cells migrate to thymus During maturation both make particular proteins in plasma membranes = antigen receptors Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Types of Responses Cell-mediated- T-cells attack directly Antibody-mediated B cells become plasma cells Killer T-cells Produce specific antibodies Helper T cells aid both cell- and antibodymediated responses Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Antigens & Antibodies Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) = self antigens on cells surface Unique to each individual Allows T-cells to recognize foreign material Antigen triggers plasma cell to produce antibodies Y-shaped protein with variable antigen binding site on arms Other end triggers recognition by phagocyte Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Triggering Adaptive Response Requires recognizing the foreign antigen B-cells can find it anywhere T-cells need presentation with MHC Antigen presenting cells (APC) do this APCs macrophages, dendritic cells & B cells In respiratory, GI, urinary, reproductive tracts & lymph nodes Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Processing & Presenting Antigens APC’s ingest & digest into fragments in vesicles Synthesize MHC & pack in vesicles Two vesicles fuse Antigen fragments bind to MHC Antigen-MHC complex inserted into plasma membrane Presented to T-cells until a receptor matches & binds Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Processing & Presenting Antigens Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cell Mediated Immunity T-ceils also need costimulator Binding both response T-cell begins rapidly dividing Interleukin-2 (IL-2) Forms a clone of many recognizing cells Helper T cells Release IL2, attract phagocytes, stimulate macrophages & B cells Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Cell Mediated Immunity Cytotoxic T cells – kill cells Work against tumor cells transplanted cells & infected cells Memory T cells- hang around for years, give rapid response Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. B-cells and Antibody-Mediated Response Hang out in lymph nodes Respond to antigen (faster if presented) With IL-2 enlarge, divide and become a clone of plasma cells Plasma cells produce & release antibodies that bind the antigen Some remain as Memory B Cells Ready to respond quickly if antigen met again Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Antibody Class Actions Neutralizing antigen Immobilizing bacteria Agglutinating Binds and neutralizes toxins Connect pathogens to one another easier phagocytosis Activating complement Enhancing phagocytosis Binding attracts phagocytes Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Immunological Memory Long lasting antibodies & lymphocytes Many sensitive memory cells Much larger & quicker response next time = Secondary Response Primary response can be naturally acquired Or artificially acquired by vaccination Killed cells, isolated antigens, parts of viruses Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Immunological Memory Interactions Animation Introduction to Disease Resistance You must be connected to the internet to run this animation. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Aging Thymus atrophies Fewer responsive T cells Thus poorer B cell response Poorer response to new infection Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.