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Lecture 15 Vaccines History • 1717- Turkey- smallpox from sick person into veins of well person • Variolation- mortality rate- 1% • Edward Jenner received this treatment at age of 8 Edward Jenner • Observed milkmaids who became infected with cowpox, did not get smallpox • Experiments- inoculated people with cowpox in order to prevent smallpox infection • Vaccination: Vacca=cow • Vaccine= • Smallpox eliminated worldwide Vaccines • Prevention can control many communicable diseases • Bacterial diseases can often be treated with antibiotics, if prevention fails • Viral diseases, not easily treated • Vaccination only feasible means of controlling viral diseases • Herd immunity= Types of Vaccines 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Live attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines Toxoid vaccines Subunit vaccines Conjugate vaccines DNA vaccines Recombinant vector vaccines Attenuated whole-agent vaccine • • • • Use living, but weakened microbes More closely mimic an actual infection generally life-long immunity 95% effective for many vaccines Inactivated whole-agent vaccine • Use microbes that have been killed • Still provokes immune response Toxoid vaccine • Inactivated toxins • Remember- toxins are produced by some bacteria and these are what cause the disease Subunit vaccine • Use only the part of the antigen that stimulates a strong immune response • Safer- can not reproduce in the recipient • Also, little or no extraneous material, and therefore less side effects Conjugate vaccine • Some types of vaccines use polysaccharides • Child’s immune system do not respond well to polysaccharides until 15-24 months • Polysaccharides combined with another protein to make vaccine Nucleic acid vaccines • Depend on ability of some cells to: – take up and translate foreign DNA – display the resulting proteins, inducing a strong immune response • One has been approved for humans Development of new vaccines • Vaccines most desirable method of disease control • Early successful vaccines cultured in animals • With cell culture- could make vaccines that would not grow on anything but human cells • Some vaccines do not need cell culturerecombinant vaccines and DNA vaccines • Plant potential source for vaccines • In future- possibility for vaccines to treat addiction, Alzheimer's, disease and cancer Safety of vaccines • Sometimes possibly to cause the disease while trying to prevent it • Risk considered worthwhile • Public reactions to such risks has changed • Some believe connection between autism and MMR vaccine • No studies have shown evidence of this