Download Medical technologies

Medical technologies
HBS3B
Chemical technologies
Dietary supplements are
Fortified foods are
Pharmaceuticals are
Pharmacogenomics refers to
Pharmacogenetics refers to
Type of pharmaceutical
Analgesics
Anti-inflammatories
Statins
Antibiotics
Purpose
Examples
Chemical technologies
Dietary supplements are preparations which supply missing or inadequate
nutrients eg vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids
Fortified foods are foods where extra nutrients are added eg thiamine and folic
acid in bread, vitamin D in dairy products, fluorine in water
Pharmaceuticals are chemical substances used in the treatment, prevention or
diagnosis of disease
Pharmacogenomics refers to the study of how genetic variation effects the way
patients respond to drug treatments
Pharmacogenetics refers to the study of how one or two genes influence drug
response
Type of pharmaceutical
Purpose
Examples
Analgesics
Pain relief
Paracetamol, aspirin, codeine,
morphine
Anti-inflammatories
Reduce pain or swelling
associated with inflammation
Steroids (eg cortisol), NSAIDS
(eg aspirin, ibuprofen)
Statins
Lower blood cholesterol
Lipitor, Pravachol, Zocor
Antibiotics
Fight infections (kill bacteria)
Amoxicillin, erythromycin,
penicillin, streptomycin
Methods of drug delivery
Tablets or c___________ taken by
eg
Topical preparations involve
eg
Injections taken by
eg
Suppositories taken by
eg
Inhalation taken by
eg
Skin patches involve
eg
Implants involve
eg
Methods of drug delivery
Tablets or capsules taken by mouth eg vitamins & minerals, antibiotics,
statins
Topical preparations involve ointments & creams on the skin eg
dencorub, fungal treatments
Injections taken into muscle, under the skin or into veins eg insulin
Suppositories taken by insertion into rectum, vagina or urethra eg thrush
treatments
Inhalation taken by sprays in mouth or nose eg asthma treatments
Skin patches involve preparations that can be placed on the skin eg
nicotine patches, HRT patches
Implants involve capsules or slow release devices that can be placed
under the skin eg Implanton
Biological technologies - Transplants and grafts
A transplant is
eg
The parts of the body that can be replaced by transplants include:
A graft is
eg
The parts of the body that can be replaced by grafts include:
A recipient is
A donor is
Material for transplanting or grafting can come from:
Living human donors eg
Dead human donors eg
Other parts of the recipient’s body eg
Stem cells or tissue culture eg
Biological technologies - Transplants and grafts
A transplant is an organ that is surgically removed from a donor and
placed in the recipient to replace a failing organ or tissue eg heart
transplant
The parts of the body that can be replaced by transplants include: heart,
lungs, liver, kidney, cornea, blood, bone marrow, skin, hair, blood
vessels
A graft is a transplant of part of an organ eg skin
The parts of the body that can be replaced by grafts include: skin,
cornea, hair, blood vessels
A recipient is the person getting the transplant
A donor is the person that supplies the transplant
Material for transplanting or grafting can come from:
Living human donors eg kidneys, bone marrow, skin, liver
Dead human donors eg heart, lungs
Other parts of the recipient’s body eg skin, blood vessels
Stem cells or tissue culture eg skin, bone marrow
Transplants and grafts
Rejection
When doctors give transplants or grafts they have to be careful to avoid rejection reactions
from the recipient’s immune system.
The blood contains special cells called leukocytes or white blood cells which are
responsible for
Some white blood cells called phagocytes fight disease by
Other white blood cells called lymphocytes fight disease by
Some lymphocytes produce special proteins called antibodies.
Antibodies attack foreign invaders by attaching to their antigens and neutralising them by
Antigens are
Each antibody is specific for a particular antigen.
Not all antigens are foreign. Cells in organs and tissues eg heart, ____________________
also have antigens. These are called HLA antigens and must be the same in recipient
and donor to avoid rejection.
It is important when doing transplants or grafts to match the antigens of the recipient and
donor so that the antibodies of the recipient don’t attack the donated blood or organ.
Rejection is
People who have had transplants need drug treatment to prevent rejection.
These drugs act on white blood cells to
Rejection
When doctors give transplants or grafts they have to be careful to avoid rejection reactions
from the recipient’s immune system.
The blood contains special cells called leukocytes or white blood cells which are
responsible for fighting infection
Some white blood cells called phagocytes fight disease by engulfing and destroying
pathogens
Other white blood cells called lymphocytes fight disease by producing antibodies or cytoxic
chemicals
Some lymphocytes produce special proteins called antibodies.
Antibodies attack foreign invaders by attaching to their antigens and neutralising them by
immobilisation, and attraction of white blood cells
Antigens are identifiers that can be recognised by white blood cells
Each antibody is specific for a particular antigen.
Not all antigens are foreign. Cells in organs and tissues eg heart, liver, blood also have
antigens. These are called HLA antigens and must be the same in recipient and donor
to avoid rejection.
It is important when doing transplants or grafts to match the antigens of the recipient and
donor so that the antibodies of the recipient don’t attack the donated blood or organ.
Rejection is when the immune system attacks and destroys the transplanted tissue.
People who have had transplants need drug treatment to prevent rejection.
These drugs act on white blood cells to reduce their activity or sensitivity. This can make the
patient more at risk of infections and cancer.
Tissue regeneration
This involves tissue engineering or
This technique has been used to
Three things needed are
Tissue regeneration
This involves tissue engineering or growing tissue in laboratory cultures
This technique has been used to provide tissues or cells for skin grafts, corneal
transplants, bone and cartilage repair, a replacement bladder and repair
of some heart defects. In the future they hope to be able to grow organs
for replacement eg liver, heart and kidney
Three things needed are
1. Cells of the correct tissue type –
either from the patient or donor
2. A matrix to support the cells –
either artificial or produced by the
cells themselves
3. Cell communicator substances
which stimulate the cells to divide
and grow
Tissue engineering
Stem cells
Stem cells have 3 special
characteristics
Because they have not differentiated,
stem cells could be used to
There are some issues associated
with stem cell harvesting and
research. These include
Stem cells
Stem cells have 3 special characteristics:
1.
They are undifferentiated (not
specialised for any particular task)
2.
They are capable of repeatedly dividing
by mitosis
3.
They are capable of differentiating into
specialised types of cells if given the
right conditions
Because they have not differentiated, stem
cells could be used to grow
replacement tissues
There are some issues associated with stem
cell harvesting and research. These
include cost, source of the stem cells
(eg embryonic cells involve the
destruction of the embryo), religious
objections
The promise of stem cell research
Types of stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to
and are collected from
Multipotent stem cells can give rise to
and are collected from
Types of stem cells
Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to any of the cell types that make up the
human body and are collected from the inner cell mass of 4 – 5 day old embryos
(often left over from IVF)
Multipotent stem cells can give rise to certain types of cell, depending on where
they come from (eg bone marrow cells can give rise to all the different types of
blood cells) and are collected from adults, umbilical cord and placenta.