Download Personality Disorder

Introduction
to
Psychological Disorders
“To study the abnormal is the
best way to understand the
normal”
Psychological Disorder
Mental health workers label
thoughts, feelings and actions
disordered when they are:
maladaptive
unjustifiable
disturbing
atypical
INSANITY IN THE COURTS
Insanity is a legal term
The insanity plea is used in
situations where the defendant is
judged to be incapable of
knowing right from wrong because
of a mental disorder.
Not placed in prisonmental
hospital
JOHN HINKLEY, JR. – ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT
OF PRESIDENT REAGAN IN 1981
Not guilty
by reason of insanity
mental hospital
Jeffrey Dahmer
Serial killer & sexual offender
Sane and found guilty prison
EARLY MENTAL HOSPITALS
• They were nothing more than
barbaric prisons.
•The patients were chained
and locked away.
SUPERNATURAL MODEL
• Belief that abnormal behavior is caused
by possession by gods, demons, or the
devil
• A full moon
• Trephining
Medical Model
concept that diseases have physical
causes
can be diagnosed, treated, and in most
cases, cured
CURRENT PERSPECTIVES
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective: assumes
biological, psychological and
sociocultural factors combine to interact
causing psychological disorders.
Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model:
• diathesis meaning predisposition and
• stress meaning environment.
CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
 DSM-IV (TR) (4th ed., Text Revision)
American Psychiatric Association’s
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders
widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders
MULTIAXIAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE
DSM IV
Axis I
Axis II
Axis III
Axis IV
Axis V
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety,
mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation
present?
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes,
hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems
(school or housing issues) also present?
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s
functioning?
•Axis I
•Adjustment Disorders Anxiety Disorders
•Cognitive Disorders
•Dissociative Disorders
•Eating Disorders
•Factitious Disorders
•Impulse Control Disorders
•Mood Disorders
•Psychotic Disorders
•Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders
•Sleep Disorders
•Somotoform Disorder
•Substance-Related Disorders
LABELING PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
 Labels can be helpful for health care
professionals, communicating with one
another and establishing therapy.
 David Rosenhaun (1973): went to
mental hospital complaining of hearing
 Diagnosed with mental illness
 Help changed standards
NEUROTIC DISORDERS
• Distressing but one can still function in
society and act rationally
PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS
• Person loses contact with reality,
experiences distorted perceptions
Charles Manson
Son of Sam
ANXIETY DISORDERS
•
A GROUP OF CONDITIONS
WHERE THE PRIMARY SYMPTOMS
ARE ANXIETY OR DEFENSES
AGAINST ANXIETY.
• the patient fears something awful
will happen to them.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Generalized anxiety disorders
Panic disorders
Phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• An anxiety disorder in which a person
is continuously tense, apprehensive and
in a state of autonomic nervous system
arousal.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
The patient is constantly tense and worried,
feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t
concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
• An anxiety disorder marked by a minuteslong episode of intense dread in which a
person experiences terror and
accompanying chest pain, choking and
other frightening sensations.
• person experiences sudden episodes of
intense dread.
 PANIC DISORDER
PHOBIA
• is an irrational, intense and persistent
fear of certain situations, activities,
things, animals, or people
ophidiophobia
arachnophobia
Coulrophobia
KINDS OF PHOBIAS
Social Phobia
Agoraphobia
Phobia of open places.
Specific Phobia
Acrophobia
Phobia of heights.
Claustrophobia
Phobia of closed spaces.
SOME UNUSUAL PHOBIAS(SPECIFIC)
• Ailurophobia - fear of cats
• Algobphobia - fear of pain
• Anthropophobia - fear of men
• Monophobia - fear of being alone
• Pyrophobia - fear of fire
• Coulrophobia – fear of clowns
• Arachityrophobia – fear of peanut
butter sticking to the roof of one’s
mouth
• Triskaidekaphobia – fear of #13
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER
•Persistence of unwanted thoughts
•obsessions
•urge to engage in senseless rituals
•Compulsions
•that cause distress.
Common Obsessions
Common Compulsions
Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc.
Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others
Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive
urges
Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges
Touching
A need to tell, ask, confess
Counting
Forbidden thoughts
Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so"
Hoarding or saving
Praying
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
• Victims of traumatic events experience the
original event in the form of dreams and
flashbacks
• Common in military veterans, survivors of
natural disasters, plane/car crashes, and human
aggression
Haunting memories.
Nightmares.
Social withdrawal
Jumpy anxiety
Sleep problems.
Module 47
Dissociative and
Personality Disorders
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
disorders in which conscious awareness
becomes separated (dissociated) from
previous memories, thoughts and feelings.
 sudden loss of memory or change in
identity
• This disorder is characterized by a
blocking out of critical personal
information, usually of a traumatic
or stressful nature.
 DISSOCIATIVE
AMNESIA
• An individual suddenly and unexpectedly
takes physical leave of his or her
surroundings
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE
•in a fugue state: unaware of or confused
about his identity, and in some cases will
assume a new identity (rare!)
DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY
DISORDER
A rare dissociative disorder in
which a person exhibits two or more
distinct and alternating
personalities.
•3 Faces of Eve
•Also called multiple personality disorder.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
disorders characterized by inflexible
and enduring behavior patterns that
impair social functioning
Need not involve anxiety, depression
or loss of contact w/reality
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Dennis Rader – BTK
Bind, Torture & Kill
Rader was a deacon who tortured animals as a child
Antisocial Personality Disorder
disorder in which the person (usually
man) exhibits a lack of conscience for
wrongdoing
Lie, cheat, steal & unrestrained sexual
behavior
Express little regret
Module 48
Mood Disorders
MOOD DISORDERS
characterized by emotional
extremes.
• Dysthymic/Cyclothymic Disorder
• Major Depressive Disorder
•Seasonal Affective Disorder
•Bipolar Disorder
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
Major depressive disorder occurs when signs
of depression last two weeks or more and are
not caused by drugs or medical conditions.
Signs include:
1. Lethargy and tiredness
2. Feelings of worthlessness
3. Loss of interest in family & friends
4. Loss of interest in activities
WHO SUFFERS FROM DEPRESSION?
• Depression can effect anyone but
there is a significantly higher rate of
depression among women than men.
• 17 million Americans develop
depression each year.
• 8.6% of adults over 18 have a mental
health problem for at least 2 weeks a
year.
WHAT IS DEPRESSION?
• Depression is an illness that involves
the body, mood and thoughts
• It impacts the way a person functions
socially, at work, and in relationships.
• It is more than feeling blue, down in
the dumps or sad about a particular
issue or situation.
• It is a medical condition that requires
diagnosis and treatment
DYSTHYMIC DISORDER
•lies between blue mood and major
depressive disorder.
•A disorder characterized by daily
depression lasting two years or more.
•No manic episodes
Blue
Mood
Dysthymic
Disorder
Major Depressive
Disorder
DYSTHYMIA
• People with this illness are mildly
depressed for years.
• They function fairly well on a daily
basis but their relationships suffer over
time.
• Dysthymic disorder:
• “down in the dumps” mood most of day
• Chronic low energy & self-esteem
• Difficulty making
decisions/concentration
• Sleep/eattoo little or too much
• Less disabled than major
depression
• Manic Episode
marked by a hyperactive,
wildly optimistic state
• Cyclothymic Disorder: mood
disorder lasting a year
• Include numerous manic
epidsodes
SEASON AFFECTIVE DISORDER
• This is a depression that results from
changes in the season. Most cases
begin in the fall or winter, or when
there is a decrease in sunlight.
Bipolar Disorder
a mood disorder in which the
person alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy of
depression and the overexcited
state of mania
formerly called manic-depressive
disorder
BIPOLAR DISORDER
Depressive Symptoms
Manic Symptoms
Gloomy
Elation
Withdrawn
Euphoria
Inability to make decisions
Desire for action
Tired
Hyperactive
Slowness of thought
Multiple ideas
BIPOLAR DISORDER
The Rich and Famous
CAUSES OF MOOD
DISORDERS
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in
families. Rates of depression is higher in
identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%).
Linkage analysis and associations studies link
possible genes and dispositions for depression.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS &
DEPRESSION
Reduction of norepinephrine
and serotonin has been
implicated in depression.
Pre-synaptic
Neuron
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Post-synaptic
Neuron
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE FACTORS
• Depression may be a variation of
learned helplessness. (Seligman)
• Negative cognitive styles (Beck)
THE DEPRESSION PUZZLE
• 1. negative stressful events interpreted
through…(money problems)
• 2. a pessimistic explanatory style
create…(blame yourself)
• 3. a hopeless, depressed state
that…(depressed mood)
• 4. hampers way the person thinks or
acts…(people react negatively to you)
• ***fuels more negative experiences
•What are Depressive Attributional
Styles?
•(1) Internal
•(2) Stable
•(3) Global
•all contribute to sense of hopelessness;
attributions made internally, then
assumed stable and global.
Internal Attribution Style
negative outcomes are one's own
fault.
Stable Attribution Style
believing future negative outcomes
will be one's own fault.
Global Attributional Style
believing negative events disrupt
many life activities.
EXAMPLE
Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.
Let’s say someone with depression messes up the
icing on a cake they’re baking to take to a party
A depressed person is likely to explain the problem:
• something that was their fault (internal - its my
fault the icing is messed up)
• something that’s not going to change (stable – “I’m
always going to be hopeless at everything and I’m
never going to be good at cake icing”)
• something that reflects a global characteristic of
their personality (“I’m hopeless at everything”
instead of just “I’m not good at icing cakes”)
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
• characterized by history of
recurrent and multiple physical
symptoms for which are no
apparent physical causes
• Hypochondriasis: imagined illness
• Conversion Disorder: anxiety produces a
loss of physical function (w/no apparent
cause)
• BDD: body dysmorphic disorder
Conversion Disorder
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
Schizophrenia
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from
schizophrenia and world over 24
million people suffer from this disease
Strikes young people as they
mature into adults.
Affects men and women equally,
but men suffer from it more
severely than women.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
literal translation “split mind”
a group of severe disorders
characterized by:
disorganized and delusional
thinking (delusions)
disturbed perceptions
(hallucinations)
inappropriate emotions and
actions (flat effect)
Delusions
false beliefs, often of
persecution or grandeur, that
may accompany psychotic
disorders
Grandeur
Persecution
Sin or guilt
 Divine intervention
Hallucinations
sensory experiences without
sensory stimulation
• Inappropriate emotions
• Flat effect: a zombie-like state of
apparent apathy
• Motor behavior inappropriate:
senseless impulsive acts
SUBTYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
•Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders.
•These subtypes share some features but
there are other symptoms that differentiate
these subtypes.
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Paranoid
• Characterized by delusions of grandeur and
persecution
• Catatonic
• Characterized by a stuporous state and/or periods
of great excitement and agitation.
• Disorganized
• The most serious and characterized by
inappropriate affect, silliness, laughter, grotesque
mannerisms and bizarre behaviors.
• Undifferentiated
• The symptoms do not conform to a specific type
•
POSITIVE SYMPTOMS OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA
•Schizophrenics have inappropriate
symptoms
•hallucinations
•disorganized thinking
• delusions
•not present in normal individuals
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Schizophrenics also have absence
of appropriate symptoms
apathy
expressionless faces
rigid bodies (catatonic)
present in normal individuals
CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA
• When schizophrenia is slow to
develop (chronic/process) recovery is
doubtful.
• Such schizophrenics usually displays
negative symptoms.
ACUTE SCHIZOPHRENIA
• When schizophrenia rapidly
develops (acute/reactive) recovery is
better.
• Such schizophrenics usually shows
positive symptoms.
ABNORMAL BRAIN CHANGES
Schizophrenia patients may express
changes in the brain like enlargement of
fluid filled ventricles.
Brain Abnormalities
• Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers
have found that schizophrenic
patients express higher levels of
dopamine receptors in the brain.
• Use drugs to block dopamine
DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
• Autism
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder
• Conduct disorder
• Tourette’s Syndrome
HISTORY OF TREATMENT
THERAPY
Psychotherapy
an emotionally charged,
confiding interaction
between a trained therapist
and someone who suffers
from psychological
difficulties
Eclectic Approach
an approach to
psychotherapy that
uses techniques from various
forms of therapy
BIOLOGICAL MODEL
• Also referred to as the medical model
• There are chemical and/or anatomical
disturbances in the brain
• mental disorders as physical diseases
• birth difficulties
• Heritability
• Influential because several disorders
have been shown to have biological
bases.
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL
• Disorders result from unresolved inner
conflicts or early experiences
• psychodynamic: unconscious conflicts
• cognitive-behavioral: past learning,
past history of rewards
• humanistic: poor self-concept or
unrealistic goals
SOCIOCULTURAL MODEL
• Emphasizes two factors: the behaviors
and the social or cultural context the
behavior is viewed
• What is abnormal in one culture may
NOT be abnormal in another
CAUSES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
• Each model suggests a different approach to
origin of the disorder and treatment. The
major models include:
• psychoanalytical
• behavioral
• humanistic
• cognitive
• biological
• diathesis-stress model
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
• Try to understand childhood experiences
• Probe for supposed repressed info
• Help person gain insight to unconscious
• “talk” therapy
Psychoanalysis
free associations,
 resistances
dream analysis
transferences
the therapist’s interpretations of them
– released previously repressed
feelings, allowing patient to gain selfinsight
PSYCHOANALYTIC METHODS OF
THERAPY
• 1. Free Association – patient reports
anything that comes to his/her mind.
• The psychoanalyst takes whatever you
say and treats it like a window into your
unconscious mind.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS
• Dreams have two types of content:
• Manifest content- actual events in
dream.
• Latent content – hidden message in
dream.
(latent = hidden)
• Freud thought that each dream represents
a form of wish fulfillment. The wish may
be disguised, but it is always there.
3. Transference
the patient’s transfer to the analyst
of emotions linked with other
relationships
e.g. love or hatred for a parent
toward the therapist
Patient doesn’t respond leads to
resistance
4. Resistance
blocking from consciousness of
anxiety-laden material
Hint anxietyrepression
use of psychoanalysis has rapidly
decreased in recent years
HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
• After years of psychoanalysts
saying we are a bunch of id-driven
animals
• behaviorists studying rats in a cage
• Humanists came along in the 60s.
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
• Emphasize people’s inherent potential
for self-fulfillment
• Help grow in self awareness &
acceptance
• Focus on present AND future
• Conscious thoughts
• Promote growth”clients” not patients
HUMANISTIC THERAPY
Client-Centered Therapy
humanistic therapy developed by Carl
Rogers
therapist uses techniques such as active
listening within a genuine, accepting,
empathic environment to facilitate
clients’ growth
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY  therapy
that applies learning principles to the
elimination of unwanted behaviors
• Behaviorists believe that mental problems are
caused by:
• classical conditioning (for example, phobias),
• operant conditioning (addictions, depression),
and
• observational learning (we watch our parents
and friends suffer so we copy them).
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES
• B.F. Skinner and colleagues
• Goal: unlearning maladaptive behavior and
learning adaptive ones
• Systematic Desensitization
• Classical conditioning
• Anxiety/Fear
• exposure therapy
• Aversion therapy
• Alcoholism, sexual deviance, smoking
Exposure Therapy
treat anxieties by exposing people
(in imagination or reality) to the things
they fear and avoid
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Systematic Desensitization
type of counter-conditioning
associates a pleasant, relaxed state
with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli
commonly used to treat phobias
Called “flooding” (rapid)
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
 Systematic Desensitization (slow)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• Flooding – (treats phobias) if you
are afraid of snakes, therapist will
throw you in a pit of snakes.
Aversive Conditioning
type of counter-conditioning that
associates an unpleasant state with
an unwanted behavior
Drug  nausea  alcohol
• Antabuse
• Awful taste on nailsstop biting
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Token Economy
an operant conditioning procedure
that rewards desired behavior
patient exchanges a token of some
sort, earned for exhibiting the desired
behavior, for various privileges or
treats
Behavior modification
COGNITIVE THERAPY
• Cognitive therapy focuses on
changing how the client/patient
thinks.
• It can be confrontational
• The therapist focuses on
changing/fixing the irrational
thoughts of the patient
COGNITIVE THERAPY
• We are depressed because we are
irrational.
• Our expectations are too high and
misplaced.
• We want everyone to love us & accept us.
• We want every thing to go our way.
• We stay angry about stuff that happened a
long time ago.
Cognitive Therapy
teaches people new, more adaptive
ways of thinking and acting
WE MUST CHANGE THE WAY
WE THINK TO BE HAPPY AND
SUCCESSFUL.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
• Aaron Beck
• Cognitive therapy
• Depression and negative thinking
• Albert Ellis
• Rational-emotive therapy
• Goal: to change the way clients think
• Detect and recognize negative thoughts
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY: ELLIS
• A-B-C theory of dysfunctional
behavior
• A – Activating event
• B – Belief
• C – Consequence (emotion)
based on that belief.
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
• Known as RET
• Developed by Albert Ellis
• Proposed that irrational thoughts lead
to negative emotions
• Control and change thoughtskey to
better mental health
• Find a positive in a negative situation
• Confrontational  “Dr. Phil”
EXAMPLE OF RATIONAL THINKING
• A= fail a midterm examination
• B=It’s unfortunate that I failed-I did
not study hard enough and I must
make sure that I study harder for
the final
• C=no consequences (no
emotional disturbance)
EXAMPLE IRRATIONAL THINKING:
LEADS TO EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE
• A= Fail exam
• B= I’m stupid, I’ll never be able
to pass this course and I will fail
this course
• C=depression
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
a popular integrated therapy that
combines cognitive therapy
(changing self-defeating thinking)
with behavior therapy (changing
behavior)
Aaron Beck
GROUP AND FAMILY THERAPIES
Family Therapy
treats the family as a system
THERAPIES INSPIRED BY POSITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
• Martin Seligman
• Uses theory & research to better
understand the positive, adaptive, creative
& fulfilling aspects of human existence
• positive psychotherapy
• can be an effective treatment for
depression
EVALUATING PSYCHOTHERAPIES
 To whom do
people turn for
help for
psychological
difficulties?
Meta-analysis (What works!)
procedure for statistically
combining the results of many
different research studies
WHAT IS A PSYCHIATRIST?
• Psychiatrists are MDs (medical doctors)
with a specialty in treating mental
disorders
• usually with a biomedical therapy
(medicine)
• use if you have:
• schizophrenia,
• severe depression
• suicidal thoughts
• other severe mental problems that
need medication.
WHAT IS A CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST?
• A clinical psychologist has a PhD in
psychology (no medical school).
• treat fairly serious mental illnesses with
“talk” therapies.
• Treat
• personality disorder
• anxiety disorders
• addictions
• using insight or “talk” therapy.
Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker
A two-year Masters of Social Work
graduate program
plus postgraduate supervision
prepares some social workers to offer
psychotherapy
mostly to people with everyday personal
and family problems
Looking for a Career in Psychology?
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Specialty:
Clinical psychologist
Problems of normal
living
Psychiatrist
Work setting:
Psychoanalyst
Schools, clinics,
other institutions
Clinical social worker
Credentials:
Master’s in
counseling, PhD,
EdD, or PsyD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Specialty:
Clinical psychologist
Those with severe
disorders
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Work setting:
Private practice,
mental health
agencies, hospitals
Credentials:
PhD or PsyD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Specialty:
Severe mental
disorders (often by
means of drug
therapies)
Work setting:
Private practice,
clinics, hospitals
Credentials:
MD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Specialty:
Psychiatrist
Psychoanalyst
Clinical social worker
Freudian therapy
Work setting:
Private practice
Credentials:
MD
Professional Title
Counseling psychologist
Clinical psychologist
Psychiatrist
Specialty:
Social worker with
specialty in dealing
with mental
disorders
Psychoanalyst
Work setting:
Clinical social worker
Often employed by
government
Credentials:
MSW
Module 52
The Biomedical Therapies
HOW IS THE BIOMEDICAL APPROACH
USED TO TREAT MENTAL DISORDERS?
•Biomedical therapies seek to
treat mental disorders by
changing the brain’s chemistry
with drugs
•its circuitry with surgery, or its
patterns of activity with pulses of
electricity or powerful magnetic
fields
DRUG THERAPIES
DRUG THERAPIES
Psychopharmacology
study of the effects of drugs on mind
and behavior
Lithium
chemical that provides an effective
drug therapy for the mood swings of
bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
• Psychopharmacotherapy
• Antianxiety (benzodiazepines)
• Valium, Xanax, Buspar, librium
• Antipsychotic - Thorazine, Mellaril, Haldol
• Tardive dyskinesia
• Antidepressant: depression
• Tricyclics: increase inhibitory GABA
• MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) - Nardil
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) –
Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft – side effects –
• Risk of suicide
• Mood stabilizers
• Lithium,
DRUG THERAPY
• Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)
• alleviate the symptoms of severe
disorders such as schizophrenia;
Examples: Thorazine, Clozapine, Haldol
• Neuroleptics block dopamine receptor
sites
• can produce sluggishness, tremors, and
twitches similar to those of Parkinson’s
disease (tardive dyskinesia)
DRUG THERAPY
• Antianxiety drugs
• Anxiolytics (benzodiazepines)
• Reduces anxiety
• work by depressing central nervous system
activity (inhibitory GABA)
• Most common side effect - drowsiness
• highly addictive
• Stop use can result in severe withdrawal
symptoms, including seizures, increased
anxiety, and in rare cases, death
Xanax, Paxil, Valium
DRUG THERAPY
• Antidepressants and mood stabilizers
• Include Prozac, monoamine oxidase
(MOA) inhibitors, and
• lithium carbonate (effective against
bipolar disorder)
• Treat depression and bipolar disorder
• Usually affect serotonin and/or
norepinephrine
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO)
• Increase serotonin, norepinephrine
• Tricyclics – safer ; inhibit reuptake serotonin
• SSRIs: increase neurotransmitters
• Prozac
Side effect: tardive dyskinesia – facial tics,
involuntary movements
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY
PSYCHOSURGERY
• Surgery that removes or destroys brain
tissue
• Egas Moniz – the lobotomy
• Cut nerves in frontal lobeemotion
controlling center/emotional and
violent patients
• “McMurphy”
BRAIN-STIMULATION THERAPIES
• Electroconvulsive therapy is used for
the treatment of severe depression
• Repetitive Transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS), a possible
alternative to ECT, can also be used
for the treatment of depression,
schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder
ELECTROCONVULSIVE
THERAPY