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Learning Theories Learning To gain knowledge, understanding, or skill, by study, instruction, or experience. Part 1 Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning • Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) • Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. Step 1 • We begin with a natural stimulus/response pair. – No conditions are needed for this to occur. – Example: Food creates Saliva • Stimulus=Response • Classical Conditioning Terminology: – Unconditioned Stimulus: any stimulus that automatically elicits a response – Unconditioned response: a natural response to a natural stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)= Unconditioned Response (UCR) – Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR) Step 2 • In order for learning to occur a neutral stimulus is paired with the natural stimulus/response. • This is repeated multiple times, by doing this the subject begins to associate the two. NS+UCS=UCR • Classical Conditioning Terminology: – Neutral Stimulus (NS): a stimulus that has no effect on the response. experimenter (NS) + Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR) Step 3 • After being paired together multiple times the subject begins to anticipate the NS=the UCS. • And what was once neutral becomes learned or conditioned. Experimenter (CS)+ Food (UCS) = Salivation (UCR) • Terminology: – Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a stimulus that was once neutral but has become learned by associating two things together. Step 4 • Eventually there is a response to the conditioned stimulus alone. – This makes the response a conditioned (learned) response (CR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Conditioned Response (CR) experimenter (CS) = Salivation (CR) • Terminology: – Conditioned Response: a response to the learned stimulus. Helpful Hints… • The Neutral Stimulus always becomes the Conditioned Stimulus. – NS turns into the CS • The Unconditioned response always becomes the conditioned response. – UCR turns into the CR Key Words/People… • Acquisition: • The initial stage of learning during which a response is established and gradually strengthened. • John B. Watson • Discovered emotional conditioning. Example: Little Albert • Stimulus Generalization: • Tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to evoke a similar response • Extinction: • The diminishing of a response when, in CC an UCS does not follow a CS. • Spontaneous Recovery: • The reappearance, after a rest, of an extinguished conditioned response. • Mary Cover Jones: • Discovered that Classical conditioning could be used to rid fears and phobias. Part Two Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning • B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Operant Conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment. Or actions and consequences. Skinner Box Key Words… • Shaping: – A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal. • Chaining: – Reinforcing the connection between the parts of a sequence • Punishment: – An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows. • Discrimination: – Learning to tell the difference between two stimuli. Reinforcement • Reinforcement: – Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. – Primary – Secondary – Positive – Negative – Immediate – Delayed – Reinforcement Schedules – Continuous – Partial » Fixed-ratio » Variable-ratio » Fixed-interval » Variable-interval Schedules of Reinforcement Number of responses 1000 Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval 750 Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 500 Variable Interval 250 Steady responding 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (minutes) 60 70 80 Conditioning Comparisons: Both are learning by Association Classical Conditioning: Learning through a stimulus and response Operant Conditioning: Learning through rewards or punishments and our behavior Part 3 Social Learning Social Learning… • Albert Bandura Social Learning: learning from the behavior of others or all learning in social situations. Observational Learning: learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Bo-Bo Dolls Bandura’s experiments Key Words… • Modeling: – The process by which a behavior is observed and imitated. -more affected by same sex models. -more affected by those we admire. • Pro-social Behavior: – Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. – The opposite of anti-social. Part 4 Cognitive Approach Cognitive Approach… An approach to the study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge. – Helps explain more complex examples of learning. – Focus on how knowledge is… • Obtained • Processed • Organized What makes it different? • Believes in cognition. – Classical conditioning and operant conditioning ignore this. • States that learning isn’t obvious – There is a big difference between learning how to do something and actually doing it. Demonstrations of Cognition in learning… • Latent Learning: – Learning that goes on under the surface, but not obvious. • Expectancies: – Beliefs about our ability to perform an action and to get the reward. • Reinforcement Value: – Individualized preference for a certain type of reward. • Cognitive Map: – Mental image of where one is located in space. • Strategies – Methods for solving problems Wrap-Up… • Classical Conditioning: – Learning by associating two events, a stimulus and response. • Operant Conditioning: – Learning to associate rewards and punishments with our behaviors • Social Learning: – Learning in any social situation. – Learning by watching and imitating others. • Cognitive Approach: – Learning through abstract reasoning and previous knowledge. The End!!