Download lecture without notes - Doral Academy Preparatory

Chapter 6
Learning
Table of Contents
Learning

Learning
– Classical conditioning
– Operant/Instrumental conditioning
– Observational learning


Ivan Pavlov – Classical conditioning
Terminology
–
–
–
–
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Table of Contents
Phobias and Conditioning

Phobias are
irrational fears of
specific objects,
animals, or
situations

People acquire
phobias through
conditioning
Table
of #Contents
Slide
3
Classical Conditioning

A learning procedure
in which subjects make
associations between a
natural stimulus and a
neutral stimulus

Ivan Pavlov

Tuning fork/salivation
Table
of #Contents
Slide
4
The Experiment

A neutral stimulus
can replace a
natural stimulus if
it’s presented just
before that stimulus

Food =
unconditioned
stimulus (US)

Salivation =
unconditioned
response (UR)
Table
of #Contents
Slide
5
Other Terms

Conditioned stimulus
(CS) = tuning fork

Salivation =
conditioned response
(CR)

Conditioned
responses are
learned, not natural or
Table
of #Contents
reflexive
Slide
6
Demonstration of Pavlov’s Dog
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54ho&feature=related
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Classical Conditioning: More Terminology




Trial = pairing of UCS and CS
Acquisition = initial stage in learning
Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space
3 types of Classical Conditioning
– Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together
– Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS, end
together
– Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented

Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
–
–
–
–
Conditioned fears
Other conditioned emotional responses
Conditioning and physiological responses
Conditioning and drug effects
Table of Contents
Processes in Classical Conditioning

Extinction
 Spontaneous Recovery
 Stimulus Generalization
 Discrimination
 Higher-order conditioning
 Applications of classical conditioning – Pavlov
and persuasion
Table of Contents
Classical Conditioning
and Pleasant Response

Advertising
campaigns use
classical
conditioning

Pairing a healthy,
young, pretty model
with a product
 John Watson
Table
Slideof# Contents
12
Positive Emotions

A song on the radio

Scent, fragrance, or
perfume

Passing a bakery
Table
Slideof# Contents
13
Applications: Drug Addiction

Withdrawal/“cold
turkey”

Cues or triggers in
the environment

Avoidance of cues
Table
Slideof# Contents
14
Taste Aversions

John Garcia
explained the role of
classical
conditioning in
creating taste
aversions

Timing/single
instance
Table
Slideof# Contents
15
Taste Aversion: An Application

Aversions can have
survival benefits

How to protect
sheep from coyotes
without killing the
coyotes
Table
Slideof# Contents
16
Principles of
Classical Conditioning

Acquisition of a conditioned response occurs
gradually

Timing is very important

The intensity of the US
Slide # 17
Table of Contents
Generalization

Occurs when a subject
responds to a second
stimulus similar to the
original (CS) without
any conditioning
Table
Slideof# Contents
18
Discrimination

The ability to respond differently to different stimuli

Generalization and discrimination are each a part of
everyday life
Slide # 19
Table of Contents
Extinction

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance
of a conditioned response

The response disappears but is not forgotten
(spontaneous recovery)

Reconditioning
Slide # 20
Table of Contents
XX 6.7
Table of Contents
John B. Watson

The case of
“Little Albert”

Fear response

Ethics
Table
Slideof# Contents
22
XXX 6.8
Table of Contents
XX 6.10
Table of Contents
Operant Conditioning or Instrumental
Learning

Edward L. Thorndike (1913) – the law of effect –
puzzle box and learning curve

B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement
– Operant chamber – “Skinner Box”
– Emission of response
– Reinforcement contingencies – antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences (ABC)
– Cumulative recorder – F 6.13b
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AepqpTtKbwo&feature=related
Table of Contents
XX 6.12
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Figure 6.13 Skinner box and cumulative recorder
Basic Processes in Operant
Conditioning

Acquisition

Shaping – animal examples

Extinction

Stimulus Control
– Generalization
– Discrimination

Remote controlled rat
Table of Contents
XX 6.14
Table of Contents
Table 6.1 Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning
Table of Contents
Reinforcement: Consequences that
Strengthen Responses

Delayed Reinforcement
– Longer delay, slower conditioning

Primary Reinforcers
– Satisfy biological needs

Secondary Reinforcers
– Conditioned reinforcement
Table of Contents
Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement

Intermittent (partial) reinforcement

Ratio schedules
– Fixed
– Variable

Interval schedules
– Fixed
– Variable

Table–ofF
Contents
Schedules of reinforcement and everyday life
6.16
XX 6.17
Table of Contents
Consequences: Reinforcement and
Punishment

Increasing a response:
– Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding
stimulus
– Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of
an aversive stimulus
• Escape learning
• Avoidance learning

Decreasing a response:
– Punishment
– Problems with punishment – third variable problem and
correlation between punishment and aggression – F 6.21
Table of Contents
XX 6.18
Table of Contents
XX 6.19
Table of Contents
XX 6.20
Table of Contents
Changes in Our Understanding of
Conditioning

Biological Constraints on Conditioning
– Breland and Breland (1961) – misbehavior of organisms
– Instinctive Drift
– Conditioned Taste Aversion – Garcia & Koelling (1966)
Preparedness and Phobias

Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
– Signal relations
– Response-outcome relations
– Latent learning

Evolutionary Perspectives on learning
Table of Contents
XX 6.22
Table of Contents
Observational Learning: Basic
Processes

Albert Bandura (1977, 1986)
– Observational learning Vicarious conditioning
– Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963) – featured study

4 key processes
–
–
–
–

attention
retention
reproduction
Motivation
acquisition vs. performance
Table of Contents
xxx 6.24
Table of Contents
Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963)
featured study - p. 245 – 246 –
Figure 6.25
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=vdh7MngntnI&feature=related
Table of Contents
p. 245
Observational Learning and
the
Media Violence Controversy

Studies demonstrate that exposure to TV and
movie violence increases the likelihood of
physical aggression, verbal aggression,
aggressive thoughts, and aggressive emotions

The association between media violence and
aggression is nearly as great as the correlation
between smoking and cancer – F 6.26 – third
variable problem
Table of Contents
Figure 6.27. Comparison of the relationship between media violence and aggression to other correlations.
Table of Contents
Modify your own behavior?
Figures 6.28 and 6.29
Table of Contents