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To start with today, let’s just recap your
knowledge of depression.
True or False?
1. Depression is a form of psychosis
2. Men are more likely to suffer from depression than
women
3. The individual must fulfil at least 5 of the clinical
criteria to be diagnosed
4. You need to experience symptoms for at least a week
before diagnosis
5. Anhedonia is a symptom of depression
6. Anger is a symptom of depression
7. There is one type of depression
• To know the clinical characteristics of Phobia and Schizophrenia
• To consider causes and explanations of Phobia
To start with today, let’s just recap your
knowledge of depression.
True or False?
1. Depression is a form of psychosis FALSE
2. Men are more likely to suffer from depression than women
FALSE
3. The individual must fulfil at least 5 of the clinical criteria to be
diagnosed TRUE
4. You need to experience symptoms for at least a week before
diagnosis FALSE (2 weeks)
5. Anhedonia is a symptom of depression TRUE (lack of pleasure)
6. Anger is a symptom of depression FALSE (not in terms of
diagnostic criteria, irritability is though)
7. There is one type of depression FALSE (unipolar, bipolar, SAD)
• To know the clinical characteristics of Phobia and Schizophrenia
• To consider causes and explanations of Phobia
»SCHIZOPHRENIA
Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Hallucinations
Unreal perceptions of the environment:
Auditory
Visual
Olfactory
Tactile
Affective Flattening
Reduction in range and intensity of emotional
expression:
Facial expression
Voice tone
Eye contact
Body language
Experiences of control
Believe an alien force has invaded their mind
and/or body.
Alogia
Poverty of speech
Lessened fluency and productivity
Delusions
Beliefs that seem real to the person with
schizophrenia, when in fact, they are not real.
Avolition
Less goal-directed behaviour;
e.g. sitting in the house for hours on end not
doing anything.
Disordered thinking
Feeling that thoughts have been inserted or
withdrawn from the mind.
Loosely associated speech (‘word salad’) is
associated with thought disorder
» Characteristic symptoms: Two or more of the following, each
present for much of the time during a one-month period.
˃ Delusions
˃ Hallucinations
˃ Disorganized speech
˃ Grossly disorganized behavior (e.g. dressing
inappropriately, crying frequently) or catatonic behavior
˃ Negative symptoms: Blunted affect (lack or decline in
emotional response), alogia (lack or decline in speech), or
avolition (lack or decline in motivation)
If delusions are bizarre or hallucination is a voice with running
commentary this is sufficient.
» Social or occupational dysfunction
» Significant duration: Continuous signs of the disturbance
persist for at least six months.).
» Phobia
» Most of us will have something that we are, at least,
very fearful of
» This does not necessarily mean we have a phobia, but
some of us might
» What are yours biggest fears and what does this mean
for you emotionally and physically?
» What do you think causes phobias?
» Write this down!
• To know the clinical characteristics of Phobia and Schizophrenia
• To consider causes and explanations of Phobia
Could phobias
ever be useful?
A. DURATION OF AT LEAST 6 MONTHS
B. MARKED OR PERSISTENT FEAR WHICH IS EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL - CUED
BY THE PRESENCE OR ANTICIPATION OF A SPECIFIC OBJECT OR SITUATION.
C. INDIVIDUAL RECOGNISES THAT THE FEAR IS EXTREME OR IRRATIONAL
D. EXPOSURE TO PHOBIC STIMULUS PROVOKES AN IMMEDIATE ANXIETY
RESPONSE OR PANIC ATTACK
E. PHOBIC SITUATION AVOIDED OR ENDURED WITH INTENSE ANXIETY OR
DISTRESS
F. SYMPTOMS OBSTRUCT SIGNIFICANTLY NORMAL FUNCTIONING OR THERE IS
MARKED DISTRESS ABOUT THE PHOBIA
» Homework:
» Research/revise the behaviourist approach
» This should include:
» Classical conditioning e.g. Pavlov’s dogs
» Operant conditioning e.g. Skinner
» You should prepare a short presentation (1-2
minutes) which includes info and examples
» Plenary: Complete the sorting task
without looking at your notes
» Extension: Start thinking about
explanations for phobias.
Group A
Group B
8 (A) Describe the
characteristics of one anxiety
disorder. (10)
June 2013
Describe the characteristics of a
psychotic disorder. (10)
Jan 2010
Homework
Aim to complete this homework without using your notes.
Due next lesson so:
13C due Friday
» Homework
» Using your booklet but ALSO the internet
and/or text books
» Research and summarise (APRCE) the
following study:
- Ohman et al (1975)