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Let’s get started…who said this? • With Malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds…to do all which may achieve…a just and lasting peace. • Abraham Lincoln Reconstruction and the new South • Reconstruction - the process of rebuilding that followed the American Civil War. • Americans had to address a set of pressing questions over what to do with the South after the defeat of the Confederacy and the overthrow of slavery. • Lincoln’s Plan – • Proclamation of Amnesty – a pardon to all southerners except high ranking officials—if they would swear loyalty to the U.S. • Must accept federal laws ending slavery • States rejoined the Union when 10% of those who voted in 1860 swore loyalty to the U.S. • Congress objected to this plan, they felt it was lenient. • We never found out how this would play out as Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in April of 1865. Today… • You will be working in teams to come up with a Reconstruction plan that you are going to present to Congress. • Each team will present their plan to the class, detailing how you intend to “fix” this issue presented to the United States following the Civil War in 1865. • Break into your teams and wait for further directions….. Your team reconstruction plan must include… • 1) What was the relationship between the former Confederate states and the federal Union? What should be demanded of those states before they were regarded as reconstructed? • 2) Who was responsible for the Confederate rebellion? Who, if anyone, should be punished for it? • 3) What should be the position of the newly-freed slaves? What responsibility did the government have to extend basic rights to them? Which rights? • 4) How should the Southern economy be converted from one based on slave labor to one based on free labor? • You will need to create your plan on the sheet of paper provided. • Write the four provisions down on the paper provided. • Write in clear statements: no partial sentences. Following Lincoln • VP Andrew Johnson assumed Lincoln’s position as President. • Although he sided with the Union, many feared that he had many loyalties with the defeated confederacy • Johnson’s Plan • • • • 1. Southern states must nullify their acts of secession 2. Abolish slavery 3. States must refuse to repay confederate debts * Former Confederate leaders liked this plan because it left Confederate leaders in charge of Reconstruction. • Confederate Congresses wrote into their new state constitutions provisions that did not allow freedmen to vote. • Many former Confederate leaders now assumed roles in leading their respective states. • 13th Amendment – passed in January of 1865, abolished Slavery. List five things you learned from this clip President Johnson vs. Congress • In early February 1866, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. It called for the distribution of land to the freedmen, provided schools for their children, and set up military courts in Southern states to protect freedmen's rights. • . Johnson vetoed the bill He would also veto the Civil Rights Bill • Congress required each rebel state to hold a new constitutional convention made up of both white and black delegates. New constitutions had to include the right to vote for all black adult males. Southern states also had to ratify the 14th Amendment before they could apply for readmission to the Union. • Johnson vetoed this and Congress over rid him again. • • Tenure of Office Act. –prevented the president from firing senate approved officials without their consent. Johnson intentionally violated this and was impeached. He remained in office by one vote. What Reconstruction Became • • • • • • With the Radicals in control, Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts on July 19, 1867. The first Reconstruction Act placed ten Confederate states under military control, grouping them into five military districts:[68] First Military District: Virginia, under General John Schofield Second Military District: The Carolinas, under General Daniel Sickles Third Military District: Georgia, Alabama and Florida, under General John Pope and George Meade Fourth Military District: Arkansas and Mississippi, under General Edward Ord Fifth Military District: Texas and Louisiana, under Generals Philip Sheridan and Winfield Scott Hancock • • • 20,000 U.S troops were deployed to enforce the Act Reconstruction would not end until 1877 with the disputed election results of the Election of 1876 and Rutherford Hayes being accepted as President. Compromise of 1877. Southern Response • Black Codes- laws that curtailed the rights of African Americans during • • • • • • • • • the early years of Reconstruction in the United States. the codes defined the former slaves as legally subordinate to whites and attempted to manage their labor in a way that would cause minimal disruption to the labor system instituted under slavery. -restricted movement African Americans could not attend school Defined who former slaves could marry Defined where former slaves could live Forced former slaves to have jobs of face jail or forced labor. Forced blacks to sign work contracts with white employers. Unemployed blacks could lose their children to “state programs.” Skilled black laborers were forced to pay high licensing fees, so most were resigned to wage earnings. Black Codes and Jim Crow • Race was defined by blood; the presence of any amount of black blood made one black • Employment was required of all freedmen; violators faced vagrancy charges • Freedmen could not assemble without the presence of a white person • Freedmen were assumed to be agricultural workers and their duties and hours were tightly regulated • Freedmen were not to be taught to read or write • Public facilities were segregated • Violators of these laws were subject to being whipped or branded. • Jim Crow laws in various states required the segregation of races in such common areas as restaurants and theaters. The "separate but equal" standard established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) lent high judicial support to segregation. Complete this Chart Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction Congress’s Plan Johnson’s Plan