Download Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction

Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #11
Explain how slavery became a significant issue in American politics; include the slave
rebellion of Nat Turner and the rise of abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick
Douglass and the Grimké sisters).
Nat Turner
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Literate, Baptist preacher
Led slave insurrection, VA
Murdered ≈ 55 whites
Was hanged
Inspired abolitionists
Led to stricter slave codes
William Lloyd Garrison
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Published The Liberator
Called for an immediate end to slavery
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Sarah and Angelina Grimké
Appeal to the Christian Women of the South
Wrote Letters on the Equality of the Sexes
(linked the rights of women to AfricanAmericans
Supported by William Lloyd Garrison
Opened a school for women in1836
Frederick Douglass
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Born a slave became leader in the abolitionist movement
First black citizen to hold high rank (as U.S. minister and consul
general to Haiti) in the U.S. government.
Used lecture fees to aid fugitive slaves
Published North Star, demanded immediate emancipation, woman’s
suffrage and other liberal causes.
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Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #12
Explain the Missouri Compromise and the issue of slavery in western states and
territories.
The Missouri Compromise 1820
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THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE
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Maine was brought into the union with freedom
Missouri with bondage
Territory north of the parallel of 36° 30' free
Southern portion was left to slavery.
Agreed upon by congress to settle the debate
over slavery in the Louisiana Purchase area.
The bitterness of the debates sharply
emphasized the sectional division of the US
Repealed by Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and
declared unconstitutional in Dred Scott (1857)
Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #13
Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of states’ rights ideology; include
the role of John C. Calhoun and the development of sectionalism.
Nullification Crisis/Theory
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Nullification: the idea that states can reject a
federal law if they think it’s unconstitutional
Response to the Tariff of 1828
States Rights
Proposed by John C. Calhoun (SC) as a
compromise to keep the union together
Led to sectionalism (conflict between N & S
states)
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Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #14
Describe the war with Mexico and the Wilmot Proviso.
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Mexican War
Mainly caused by American
expansionism (Manifest Destiny)
Ended with Treaty of GuadalupeHidalgo (1848)
Doubled size of US
Wilmot Proviso
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Barred slavery from lands acquired from war with Mexico
Voted down by south, supported by north
Inspired southern states to aggressively demand protection
for slavery
Pushed sectionalism and the nation even closer to civil war
Domain # 2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective # 15
Explain the Compromise of 1850.
Compromise of 1850
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Texas to relinquish land in exchange for 10 million to pay off debt to
Mexico.
New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah would be organized without
mention of slavery. (popular sovereignty)
Slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia (slavery still
permitted).
California admitted as free state.
The Fugitive Slave Act was passed.
Strengthened abolitionist movement
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Domain # 2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective # 16
Explain the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the failure of popular sovereignty, Dred Scott case and
John Brown’s raid.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
Allowed popular sovereignty in the Nebraska
Territory
Repealed MO Compromise of 1820
Supported by southern states, infuriated
northern states
Pro and anti-slavery settlers flocked to Kansas
to effect outcome of first election
Led to “Bleeding Kansas”
Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857
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Sued for freedom in 1847
Ruled blacks not citizens therefore had no right to sue
Brought national attention to issue of slavery
John Brown
 First white abolitionist to stage insurrection
 Raided federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
 Planned to arm slaves and other abolitionists
 Helped finance the publication of David Walker’s
appeal
 Friend of Frederick Douglass “…Brown began
the war that ended slavery”
 Was captured and hanged
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Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #17
Describe President Lincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union as seen is his second
inaugural address and the Gettysburg speech and in his use of emergency powers, such
as his decision to suspend habeas corpus.
Abraham Lincoln
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After his election in 1860, SC secedes
Gettysburg Address – “…nation was conceived in liberty,
1776”
Rebuffed claims of state sovereignty
Used war powers to create blockade (against confederate
states)
Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus (protection from
unlawful detention)
Imprisoned 18,000 confederate sympathizers
Second Inaugural Address (emphasized preserving the
Union)
Emancipation Proclamation represents effective use of War
Powers Act (threatened those who supported the
Confederacy) by enabling free blacks and fugitive slaves to
join the Union
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Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #18
Describe the role of Ulysses Grant, Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, William T.
Sherman, and Jefferson Davis.
Ulysses Grant
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Recruited volunteers for the Civil War
Captured Vicksburg, MI 1863
Tactics of dividing and destroying Confederate army led to the
end of the war 1865
Elected president twice from war popularity (rocky terms)
Died of throat cancer
Robert E. Lee
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General of Virginia State forces w/o strong Confederate
Navy
Military advisor to Pres. Jefferson Davis
Surrendered to Ulysses Grant at Appomattox Court
House
Most celebrated Civil War general for duty, character and
battle success
Stonewall Jackson
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Served in Mexican War
Led the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Bull
Run
Considered one of the most gifted tactical commanders
of all time
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William T. Sherman
 Fought in Civil War at Bull Run, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and
Chattanooga
 After War deployed troops to protect transcontinental railroad
workers from Indians who feared that the railroad would mean
further encroachment on their territory.
 Established military outposts across the region, expanding the
network of federal authority.
Jefferson Davis
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President of the Confederate States of America (1861–65).
After the war, he was imprisoned for two years and indicted for
treason but never tried.
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Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective # 19
Explain the importance of the growing economic disparity between the North and the
South through an examination of population, functioning railroads, and industrial
output.
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Comparison of Union and
CSA[116]
Union
CSA
Total population
22,000,000
(71%)
9,000,000
(29%)
Free population
22,000,000
5,500,000
1860 Border state
slaves
432,586
NA
1860 Southern
slaves
NA
3,500,000
Soldiers
2,200,000
(67%)
1,064,000
(33%)
Railroad miles
21,788 (71%) 8,838 (29%)
Manufactured
items
90%
10%
Firearm
production
97%
3%
Bales of cotton in
1860
Negligible
4,500,000
Bales of cotton in
1864
Negligible
300,000
Pre-war U.S.
exports
30%
70%
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Northern economy grew, Confederate
territory shrank and its economy
weakened.
Union controlled more southern
territory with garrisons, and cut off the
trans-Mississippi part of the
Confederacy.
The Union at the start controlled over
80% of the shipyards, steamships, river
boats, and the Navy.
Excellent railroad links between Union
cities allowed for quick and cheap
movement of troops and supplies.
Transportation much slower and more
difficult in the South which was unable
to augment its much smaller rail
system, repair damage, or even perform
routine maintenance
Domain # 2: New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective # 20
Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican
Reconstruction.
Reconstruction: Period of rebuilding the Union after the Civil War
Key Questions
What happens to freedmen?
How do you reintegrate the Southern States into the Union?
The dispute: Both Presidents Lincoln and Johnson favored a lenient approach to
reconstruction. It was their belief that the nation could be best served by leaving the
brutality of the Civil War behind quickly. Radical Republicans, led by Thadeaus
Stevens, argued that the South should be punished for starting the Civil War.
Eventually, the dispute would lead to an attempt to impeach and remove President
Johnson. Although the official reason for the impeachment of Johnson was his violation
of the Tenure of Office Act, the underlying reason was Congress' disagreement with
Johnson over Reconstruction. Although Johnson was impeached by the House, the
Senate fell just short of convicting and removing him.
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Lincoln And Johnson's Plans for Reconstruction
Radical Republicans' Plans
"With malice toward none, with charity for all"
Lincoln
"Congress alone can do it... Congress must create states
and declare whether they are to be represented." -Thadeus Stevens
Both Lincoln and Johnson supported lenient plans
for Reconstruction.
10% Plan (Lincoln): Once ten percent of a southern
state's 1860 voters had taken an oath of loyalty, the
state could rejoin the Union.
Both Lincoln and Johnson provided for a generous
amnesty to allow Southerners to retain their
property and reacquire their political rights.
Johnson supported the 13th Amendment that
abolished slavery but was reluctant to support
Black suffrage believing this was an issue for states.
Believed the South should be punished for starting the war
and hoped to protect the rights of Freedmen (former
slaves).
Extended the Freedmen's Bureau (Over Johnson's Veto) to
provide food, clothing, shelter, and education to freedmen
and war refugees.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 (Passed over Johnson's Veto)
designed to grant freedmen full legal equality,
undercutting the Black Codes
Reconstruction Act of 1867 (Passed over Johnson's Veto)
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Failures under Lincoln and Johnson:
Black Codes: Many states passed laws restricting
the rights of freedmen
Divided the South into 5 districts and placed them
under military rule (disbanded governments
readmitted under Lincoln/Johnson plans
Required S. States to ratify the 14th Amendment
Guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in
conventions to write new state constitutions
Reconstruction Amendments
13th:Amendment: Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment:
Little attempt was made to address the economic
hardships facing freedmen
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Southern States admitted under Lincoln/Johnson
plan refused to ratify 14th Amendment
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These failures contributed to growing support for
Radical Republicans
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Declared all person "born or naturalized in the
United States" to be citizens.
Required "Equal Protection of the Laws"
Citizens cannot be denied life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.
Reduced the representation in Congress of states
that did not grant Black Suffrage
Banned Confederate officials from taking office
Forbade the repayment of confederate War Debt
15th Amendment: The right to vote shall not be denied on
the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"
Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
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Objective #21
Explain efforts to redistribute land in the south among the former slaves and provide
advanced education (e.g. Morehouse College) and describe the role of the Freedmen’s
Bureau
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Freedmen’s Bureau
Official name: U.S. Bureau of Refugees,
Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
Built hospitals, provided medical assistance to
more than 1 million freed blacks, and 21
million rations for blacks and whites
Built more than 1,000 schools for black
children
Helped found colleges and teacher-training
institutes for blacks (Morehouse, Hampton,
Fisk, Howard)
Had little success in safeguarding civil rights
and promoting land redistribution
Congress terminated the Bureau under
pressure from white southerners
Left legacy of higher aspirations among
African-Americans
Intended to distribute 40 acres (& a mule) and
to Freedmen
Pres. Johnson denied opportunity by
returning the land that was to be divided to
whites
Sharecropping (encouraged paying rent with
crop yields instead of money)
Domain #2: New Republic through Reconstruction
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Objective # 22
Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments.
13th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution: Abolition of Slavery
(1865)
Passed by Congress on January 31, 1865,
and ratified on December 6, 1865, the
13th amendment abolished slavery in the
United States.
14th Amendment of the US Constitution
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Ratified on July 28, 1868, and
Granted citizenship to “all persons born or
naturalized in the United States,” which
included former slaves recently freed
Forbids states from denying "life, liberty or
property, without due process of law" or to
"deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of its laws.”
By directly mentioning the role of the states,
greatly expanded the protection of civil rights
to all Americans
15th amendment to the US Constitution
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Granted African American men the right to
vote
 “shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any state on account of
race, color, or previous condition of
servitude."
 Although ratified February 3, 1870, the
promise of the 15th Amendment would not
be fully realized for almost a century.
 Poll taxes, literacy tests and other means
gave Southern states the ability to
effectively disenfranchise African Americans.
It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority
of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.
Domain # 2: New Republic through Reconstruction
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Objective #23
Explain the Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial
equality during Reconstruction
Black Codes
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laws that placed severe restrictions on freed slaves
prohibiting their right to vote
forbidding them to sit on juries
limiting their right to testify against white men
carrying weapons in public places
prohibited them from working in certain occupations
Civil Rights Bill was proposed twice by radical republicans
Reconstruction Acts were passed in 1867
Still, white control over Southern state governments was
restored when organizations like the Klan were able to
frighten blacks from voting
Ku Klux Klan attacks a black family in 1879
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Domain # 2 New Republic through Reconstruction
Objective #25
Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction.
"This is a
country for
white men,
and by God,
as long as I
am President,
it shall be a
government
for white
men."
"Everyone would, and must admit,
that the white race was superior to the
black, and that while we ought to do
our best to bring them up to our
present level, that, in doing so, we
should, at the same time raise our own
intellectual status so that the relative
position of the two races would be the
same."
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President Andrew Johnson
Took office after Lincoln’s
assassination at end of Civil War
Favored leniency for the South
Wanted NO Voting Rights or land
redistribution for blacks
Impeached for violating the Tenure
of Office Act (prohibited president
from removing a cabinet member
without Congressional permission
Wanted to replace Secretary of War,
Edwin Stanton, the only Radical
Republican sympathizer in his
cabinet with Ulysses Grant
Impeachment was unsuccessful but
after, Johnson never challenged
congress’ Reconstruction plan
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