Download Problems at Home in the South

Unit 11-B
The Civil War,
1861–1865
Political Positions Prior to the War
• Republicans
-Supported Lincoln in
1860 election
• Democrats
- Split over slavery;
had two candidates in
1860
-Popular sovereignty
should decide the
slavery issue
- Individual states
should decide slavery
-Legislation needed to
protect the rights of
slaves
- Need to maintain
current way of life
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The Conflict Takes Shape
The first shots of the Civil War (War
Between the States) were at Fort
Sumter, S.C.
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The Conflict Takes Shape
• What issues divided the nation when
the war began?
• What were the primary strengths and
weaknesses of the North and the
South at the beginning of the war?
• Who were the leaders of each side in
the war?
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Issues That Divided the Nation
Southerners
Southerners believed that they had the right
to leave the Union.
They called the conflict the War for Southern
Independence.
Southerners wanted to keep their traditional
way of life—including slavery.
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Northerners
•Northerners believed that they
had to fight to save the Union.
•Some northerners wanted to
abolish slavery.
•Others approved of slavery.
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In both Lincoln’s first Inaugural Address of
1861 and the Gettysburg address of 1863,
he argued that succession from the
national government was illegal
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Border States
•Slave states that were still in the
Union in 1861 had to decide what to
do.
•Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,
and Arkansas joined the Confederacy.
•Four slave states remained with the
Union.
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Southern President Jefferson Davis
considered states to have the right to
freedom from oppressive government,
while Lincoln believed individuals should
be free from government oppression
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Border States
•These border states were Kentucky,
Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware.
•Some people who lived in the border
states supported the South.
•Pro-Confederate mobs attacked
Union troops in Maryland.
•President Lincoln declared martial
law, or rule by the army instead of the
elected government.
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Strengths and Weaknesses of the
North and the South
Northern Strengths
• The North had a large population to call
on for food production and military service.
• The North had most of the nation’s
factories. Before the war, they produced
more than 90 percent of the nation’s
manufactured goods.
• The North had a strong navy and a large
fleet of merchant ships.
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Strengths and Weaknesses of the
North and the South
Southern Strengths
• Defending their homeland and way of
life gave white southerners a strong
reason to fight.
• Confederate soldiers knew the southern
countryside.
• Southern civilians helped the
Confederate forces
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Northern Weaknesses
• Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge
area. Instead of defending their homes,
they were invading unfamiliar land.
• Union supply lines had to stretch out
much farther than Confederate ones.
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Southern Weaknesses
• The South had few factories to produce
weapons and other supplies.
• The South had few railroads to move
troops and supplies.
• Many rail lines did not connect to a
railroad network.
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Southern Weaknesses
• The Confederate constitution favored states’
rights and limited the central government.
Sometimes, this made it difficult to get things
done.
• The South had a small population compared to
the North. As a result, the South did not have
enough people to support the war effort.
• The South had few ships.
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Strengths and Weaknesses of the
North and the South
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The War’s Leaders
North
- President, Abraham Lincoln
- Chief General, Ulysses S. Grant
South
- President, Jefferson Davis
- Chief General, Robert E. Lee
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Confederate President Jefferson
Davis:
• attended the United States Military Academy at
West Point
• was an officer in the Mexican War
• was Secretary of War under President Franklin
Pierce
• was respected for his honesty and courage
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Union President Abraham Lincoln:
•
•
•
•
•
•
did not have much experience in national politics
did not have military experience
turned out to be a strong leader and fine war planner
had a sense of humor
could accept criticism
In his poem “To Abraham Lincoln”, John J. Loud
stated that Lincoln fought against injustice and
acted to protect those who were mistreated .
• He also said he was a strong, but compassionate
leader who many trusted
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Confederate Commander Robert E.
Lee:
• Lincoln had asked him to command the Union
army
• was loyal to his state of Virginia
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No Easy Victory
• What strategies did each side adopt to
win the war?
• How did early encounters dispel hopes
for a quick end to the war?
• What victories did the Confederates
achieve?
• What victories did the Union achieve?
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Strategies for Winning the War
Union plans
• Use the navy to blockade southern ports.
• In the East, seize the Confederate capital —
Richmond, Virginia.
• In the West, seize control of the Mississippi
River. This would keep the Confederates from
using the river to supply troops, and it would also
separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from
the rest of the Confederacy.
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Strategies for Winning the War
Confederate plans
• Fight a defensive war until northerners
tired of fighting and gave up.
• Use European money and supplies to
help fight the war. Southerners expected
Europeans to recognize the Confederacy
as an independent nation.
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Early Encounters End Hopes for
A Quick End to War
• Date: July 21, 1861
• Battle: Battle of Bull Run
• What Happened: Union and Confederate
troops clashed between Washington, D.C.,
and Richmond, Virginia.
• Results: Lincoln appointed a new
commander of the Union army
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Early Encounters End Hopes for
A Quick End to War
• Date: March 1862
• Battle: McClellan’s troops moved toward
Richmond
• What Happened: Robert E. Lee attacked
McClellan’s troops. At the same time
Stonewall Jackson’s troops went North to
Washington
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Early Encounters End Hopes for
A Quick End to War
• Date: March 1862
• Battle: Monitor and the Merrimack (Virginia)
• What happened: Confederates covered a Union
warship, Merrimack, with iron plates. Union
also built an ironclad, Monitor. The two vessels
fought near Virginia
• Results: It was the first battle of Ironclads
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Early Encounters End Hopes for
A Quick End to War
• Date: September 1862
• Battle: Battle of Antietam
• What Happened: Hoping for a southern
victory on northern soil, Lee marched into
Maryland
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• Results: Both sides suffered great losses.
Confederate Victories in the
East
• Date: December 1862
• Battle: Battle of Fredericksburg
• What Happened: Lee’s forces met
Burnside’s army.
• Results: This was one of the Union’s worst
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defeats.
Confederate Victories in the
East
• Date: May 1863
• Battle: Battle of Chancellorsville
• What Happened: Lee and Jackson defeated
the Union troops in a three-day battle.
• Results: A southern sentry shot Stonewall
Jackson by mistake. Jackson died soon
after.
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Union Victories in the West
• Date: February 1862
• Battle: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
• What Happened: Union troops under
Ulysses S. Grant captured the two
Tennessee forts.
• Results: The Union gained control of two
tributaries of the Mississippi.
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Union Victories in the West
• Date- April 6–7, 1862
• Battle: Battle of Shiloh
• What Happened: Confederate forces
surprised Grant’s Union forces and
drove them back toward the river. With
the aid of fresh troops, Grant beat back
the Confederates.
• Results: It was one of the bloodiest
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battles of the war.
Union Victories in the West
• Date: April 1862
• Battle: New Orleans
• What Happened: Union gunboats captured
New Orleans. Other ships captured
Memphis, Tennessee.
• Results: The Union now controlled both
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ends of the Mississippi.
The Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg
is considered the turning point of the war
because it turned back the Confederate
invasion of the North.
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A Promise of Freedom
• What was Lincoln’s primary goal in the
war?
• What were the effects of the
Emancipation Proclamation?
• How did African Americans contribute
to the war effort both in the Union army
and behind Confederate lines?
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Lincoln’s Goal in the War
“If I could save the Union without freeing any
slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could
do it by freeing some and leaving others alone,
I would also do that.”
—Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862,
quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln
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The Emancipation Proclamation
What was the Emancipation Proclamation?
• Abraham Lincoln decided to emancipate, or
free, enslaved African Americans living in
the Confederacy. On January 1, 1863, he
issued the Emancipation Proclamation, the
formal declaration that freed slaves in the
Confederacy, but not in slave states that
remained with the Union or in Confederate
lands that had been captured by the Union.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation
Proclamation?
• Emancipation would weaken the Confederacy’s
ability to carry on the war.
• He hoped to introduce the idea of emancipation
slowly, by limiting it to territory controlled by the
Confederacy. He expected to introduce the idea
of emancipation in other areas later.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation
have?
• The declaration changed the purpose of the
war. Now, Union troops were fighting to end
slavery as well as to save the Union.
• Southerners were angered. They saw the
declaration as a “fiend’s act” to destroy
their property.
• Europeans were sympathetic to the
proclamation. Now they were less likely to
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side with the South.
The Emancipation Proclamation has been
discussed for years including Booker T.
Washington’s “Up From Slavery: An
Autobiography”, 1901
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African American Contributions in
the War
• Free African Americans and escaped slaves
enlisted in the Union army.
• At first black troops served only as laborers,
building roads and guarding supplies.
• By 1863, African American troops were fighting in
major battles. One of the most famous African
American units was the 54th Massachusetts
Regiment. In 1863, this regiment led an attack on
Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina.
Under heavy fire, they fought their way into the fort
before they were forced to retreat. The bravery of
these soldiers helped win respect for African
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American soldiers.
African American Contributions in
the War
• Behind Confederate lines, many enslaved
African Americans slowed down work or
refused to work at all.
• Wherever a Union army appeared, slaves
from all over the area would cross the
Union lines to freedom. By the end of the
war, about one fourth of the South’s
enslaved population had escaped.
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First African American to receive the
Congressional Medal of Honor for bravery
at Fort Wagner, S.C. for actions on July
18,1863.
Sgt. William H. Carney- Company C, 54th
Massachusetts Colored Infantry
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Hardships of War
• What was life like for Confederate and
Union soldiers?
• What problems did each side face at
home?
• How did the war affect the economy of
the North and the South?
• What role did women play in the war?
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The Hard Life of Soldiers
• Most soldiers were under the age of 21.
As the death toll rose, the South drafted
boys as young as 17 and men as old as
50.
• New technology added to the horror of
war. In most battles, one fourth or more
of the soldiers were killed or wounded.
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The Hard Life of Soldiers
• Medical care on the battlefield was crude.
Surgeons routinely amputated injured
arms and legs. Sanitary conditions were
poor, and nothing was known about
germs or how wounds became
infected.
• Diseases like pneumonia and malaria
killed more men than guns or cannons.
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Problems at Home in the North
• Some northerners opposed using force to
keep the South in the Union. Supporters
of the war called these people
Copperheads, after the poisonous
snake.
• There was a shortage of volunteers to
serve in the army. Some men took
money to enlist in the army, then
deserted.
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Problems at Home in the North
• In 1863, Congress passed a draft law, a law
requiring all able-bodied males between ages
20 and 45 to serve in the military if they were
called. Opposition to the draft law led to riots.
• President Lincoln moved to stop the riots and
other “disloyal practices.” Several times, he
suspended habeas corpus, the right to be
charged or have a hearing before being
jailed. The President also said that those
arrested could be tried under the stricter rules of
a military court.
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Problems at Home in the South
• Many southerners firmly believed in states’
rights. They resisted paying taxes to a
central government, so the government
could not collect enough money to pay
for the war.
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Problems at Home in the South
• Like the North, the South was forced to
pass a draft law to fill its army.
• Near the end of the war, the South no
longer had enough white men to fill the
ranks.
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Problems at Home in the South
• The Confederate congress reluctantly
agrees to let enslaved African
Americans serve. The war ends before
this can take place.
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How the War Affected the
Economy- Union
• Income tax —To pay for the war, Congress
established the nation’s first income tax, or tax
on people’s earnings, in 1861. A new agency, the
Internal Revenue Bureau, oversaw the collection of
taxes.
• Inflation —The Union issued millions of dollars
worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not
raise enough money, the North printed more than
$400 million in paper money. As the money
supply increased, each dollar became worth
less. In response, businesses raised their prices.
The North experienced inflation, a rise in prices
and a decrease in the value of money.
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How the War Affected the
Economy-Union
• Increased farm production —With so many
farmers going off to war, the demand rose for farm
machines to plant and harvest crops. Farm
production actually went up.
• Increased industrial profits —Wartime demand
for clothing, shoes, guns, and other goods helped
many northern industries. Some manufacturers
made fortunes by profiteering. Profiteers charged
excessive prices for desperately needed war
goods.
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How the War Affected the
Economy-Confederacy
• Income tax —To raise money, the
Confederacy imposed an income tax and a taxin-kind. The tax-in-kind required farmers to
turn over one tenth of their crops to the
government.
• Inflation —The South printed so much paper
money that wild inflation set in.
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How the War Affected the
Economy- Confederacy
• Loss of the cotton trade —The war damaged the
cotton trade. President Davis stopped the South’s
cotton trade with Britain. He was hoping to force
Britain to side with the South in return for cotton.
Britain, however, just bought its cotton from Egypt and
India instead.
• Severe shortages —The Union blockade created
severe shortages of goods from overseas. The
South began to build and run its own factories. The
blockade also brought food shortages. Many
plantations switched from growing cotton to
raising grain and livestock.
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Women in the War
• With so many men gone to war, women took
jobs in industry and on farms.
• Women’s aid societies helped supply the troops
with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine.
Women held fundraisers to pay for war
supplies.
• Women worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix and
Clara Barton became nurses for the Union
army. Sojourner Truth worked in Union
hospitals. Sally Tompkins set up a
Confederate hospital.
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The War Ends
• Why were the Union victories at
Vicksburg and Gettysburg important?
• What plan did Grant have for ending
the war with the South?
• After his reelection, what hopes did
Lincoln have for the Union?
• Why was the Civil War a major turning
point in American history?
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The Union Victory at Vicksburg
May 22 to July 4, 1863
What Happened
Again and again, Grant’s forces tried to
seize Vicksburg, a city on a cliff above the
Mississippi River. Finally, Grant marched
inland and attacked Vicksburg from the
rear. Grant’s forces lay siege to the city,
encircling it and blockading or bombarding it, in
order to force it to surrender.
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The Union Victory at Vicksburg
May 22 to July 4, 1863
Results
Finally, the Confederates surrendered the
city, giving the Union forces complete
control of the Mississippi River.
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The Union Victory at Gettysburg
June 30 to July 2, 1863
What Happened
Lee surprised Union forces at Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. On the first day of battle, the
Confederates drove the Union forces out of
Gettysburg. On the second day, Lee’s forces
attacked the ends of the Union line, but the line
held. On the third day, Lee ordered General
George Pickett to lead 15,000 men in a daring
charge against the center of the Union line. The
last attack led by Pickett is known as Pickett’s
Charge. Row after row of Confederate soldiers
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were shot down.
The Union Victory at Gettysburg
June 30 to July 2, 1863
Results
Lee’s forces had to retreat. The
Confederates would never invade the
North again.
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The Gettysburg Address
“We here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this
nation, under God, shall have a new birth
of freedom—and that government of the
people, by the people, for the people, shall
not perish from the earth.”
—Abraham Lincoln,
Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863
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Grant’s Plan for Ending the War
• Destroy the South’s ability to fight by
waging total war, a kind of warfare in
which an army destroys everything that
might be useful to the enemy, such as
food and equipment.
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Grant’s Plan for Ending the War
• Grant sent General Philip Sheridan and
his cavalry into the rich farmland of
Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. Sheridan
destroyed farms, livestock, and barns filled
with grain.
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Grant’s Plan for Ending the War
• Grant ordered General William
Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta,
Georgia, then march to the Atlantic coast.
Sherman burned a large part of Atlanta.
Then, Sherman’s army began its “march to
the sea,” destroying everything in its
path—railroad tracks, livestock, fields,
barns, homes, bridges, and factories.
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Lincoln’s Hopes for the Union
With malice toward none, with charity for all .
. . let us strive . . . to bind up the nation’s
wounds . . . to do all which may achieve a
just and a lasting peace among ourselves
and with all nations.”
—Abraham Lincoln,
Second Inaugural Address
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The Civil War Ends
Lee and his army were trapped by Union
troops at the small Virginia town of
Appomattox Court House. He knew his
troops would be slaughtered if he kept
fighting. On April 9, 1865, Lee
surrendered to Grant.
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The Civil War Ends
Grant offered generous terms of surrender.
– Soldiers were required to turn over their rifles,
but officers were allowed to keep their pistols.
– Soldiers who had horses could keep them.
– Grant ordered that “each officer and man will
be allowed to return to his home, not to be
disturbed by the United States authorities.”
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The Civil War—A Turning Point in
American History
• The toll of the Civil War was immense. To this
day no war has resulted in more American
deaths. The economic cost of the Civil War was
huge—more than 11 times the entire amount
spent by the federal government between 1789
and 1861.
• The balance of power was changed. The
Democratic party lost its influence. The
Republican party grew stronger.
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The Civil War—A Turning Point in
American History
• No longer would Americans speak of the nation
as a confederation of states. People began to
think of the United States as one nation,
instead of many states.
• The power of the federal government grew.
• The war put an end to slavery in the United
States. Millions of African Americans gained
their freedom.
• Other Americans began to think about what it
meant to be free and equal.
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President Lincoln’s assassination by John
Wilkes Booth affected the nation because
of his leadership made overcoming the
challenges the nation faced more difficult.
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The Civil War
•
•
•
•
•
Causes
Issues of slavery in
territories divides the
North and South
Abolitionists want slavery
to end
South fears it will lose
power in the national
government
Southern states secede
after Lincoln’s election
Confederates bombard
Fort Sumter
•
•
•
•
•
Effects
Lincoln issues the
Emancipation
Proclamation
Northern economy booms
South loses its cotton
trade with Britain
Total war destroys the
South’s economy
Hundreds of thousands of
Americans killed
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The Civil War
Effects Today
-Disagreements
over states’ rights
persist
-African Americans
have equal
protection under
the Constitution
-Millions of
Americans visit
Civil War
battlefields each
year
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• Congress finally responded to the Dred Scott
decision by passing the 13th amendment that
states, “Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for a
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted, shall exist within the United
States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.”
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