Download Freud`s Psychoanalytic Theory

Chapter 10
Personality
Personality
• Personality –
Psychological
qualities that
bring continuity to
an individual’s
behavior in
different
situations and at
different times.
Psychodynamic Theories
• Psychoanalysis–
Freud’s system of
treatment for
mental disorders.
-Identifies unconscious
thoughts and emotions
and brings them to
consciousness.
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Freud’s theory that relates personality
to the interplay of conflicting forces
within the individual.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Unconscious –
Psychic domain of
which the individual is
not aware, but which
is the storehouse of
repressed impulses,
drives, and conflicts
that are unavailable to
consciousness.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
Drives people toward
acts that are sexual,
life-giving, and
creative.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
Drives people to
experience sensual
pleasure.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Drives and instincts
Eros
Libido
Thanatos
Drives people toward
aggressive and
destructive behaviors.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Personality structure
Id
Superego
Ego
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Personality structure
Primitive, unconscious
Id
portion of personality,
houses most basic
drives and stores
Superego
repressed memories.
Ego
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Personality structure
Id
Superego
Ego
Mind’s storehouse of
values, moral attitudes
learned from parents
and society, same as
common notion of
conscience.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Personality structure
Id
Superego
Ego
Conscious, rational part
of personality, charged
with keeping peace
between superego and
id.
• ID
– Needs, drives,
instincts, and
repressed material.
• EGO
– In touch with reality;
strives to meet the
demands of the id and
superego in “socially
acceptable ways.”
• SUPEREGO
– Conscience;
counteracts the
socially undesirable
impulses of the id.
The Unconscious Mind
• ID
– PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
• EGO
– REALITY PRINCIPLE
• SUPEREGO
– MORAL PRINCIPLE
Freud’s Model of the Mind
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Psychosexual stages –
Successive, instinctive patterns of
associating pleasure with stimulations of
specific bodily areas at different times of
life.
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Oedipus complex –
According to Freud, a largely unconscious
process whereby boys displace an erotic
attraction toward their mother to
females of their own age and, at the same
time, identify with their fathers.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Identification –
The mental process by which an individual
tries to become like another person,
especially the same-sex parent.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Penis envy–
According to Freud, the female desire to
have a penis – a condition that usually
results in their attraction to males.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Fixation–
Occurs when psychosexual
development is arrested at
an immature stage.
Oral Fixations
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Ego defense
mechanisms –
Largely unconscious
mental strategies
employed to reduce
the experience of
conflict or anxiety.
8 Defense Mechanisms:
– Repression
– Denial
– Rationalization
– Reaction formation
– Displacement
– Regression
– Sublimation
– Projection
NEO-FREUDIANS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Carl Jung
Karen Horney
Alfred Adler
Gordon Allport
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Albert Bandura
Carl Jung
• Personal unconscious –
Portion of the unconscious
corresponding roughly to
Freud’s id.
• Collective unconscious –
Jung’s addition to the
unconscious, involving a
reservoir for instinctive
“memories” including the
archetypes, which exist in
all people.
Carl Jung: Extending the
Unconscious
• Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow
Carl Jung: Extending the
Unconscious
• Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
Carl Jung: Extending the
Unconscious
• Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow
Archetype representing
the destructive and
aggressive tendencies
we don’t want to
recognize in ourselves.
Carl Jung: Extending the
Unconscious
• Introversion –
The Jungian dimension that
focuses on inner experience–
one’s own thoughts and
feelings, making the introvert
less outgoing and sociable than
the extrovert.
• Extraversion –
The Jungian personality
dimension involving turning
one’s attention outward,
toward others.
Karen Horney
– Thought Freud
exaggerated the
role of sex drives in
human behavior
and misunderstood
sexual motives of
women.
– Developed
feminine
psychology.
Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in
Psychodynamic Psychology
• Basic anxiety –
An emotion that gives a sense of
uncertainty and loneliness in a
hostile world and can lead to
maladjustment.
• Neurotic needs –
Signs of neurosis in Horney’s
theory; these ten needs are normal
desires carried to a neurotic
extreme.
Horney’s 10 Neurotic Needs
1. Need for affections and approval
2. Need for a partner; dread of being left alone
3. Need to restrict one’s life and remain inconspicuous
4. Need for power and control over others
5. Need to exploit others
6. Need for recognition or praise
7. Need for personal admiration
8. Need for personal achievement
9. Need for self-sufficiency and independence
10. Need for perfection
Alfred Adler
Individual Psychology
• Inferiority Complex
– An exaggerated
feeling of weakness
and inadequacy
which stems from
childhood.
• Compensation
– Making up for one’s
real or imagined
deficiencies.
Humanistic Theories
• Humanistic Theories include:
– Gordon Allport’s trait theory
– Abraham Maslow’s self-actualizing
personality
– Carl Roger’s fully functioning person
Gordon Allport and the
Beginnings of Humanistic
• Traits –
Stable personality characteristics that are
presumed to exist within the individual
and guide his or her thoughts and actions
under various conditions.
– Central traits form the basis of personality.
– Secondary traits include preferences and
attitudes.
– Cardinal traits define peoples lives.
Abraham Maslow and the
Healthy Personality
• Selfactualizing
personalities –
Healthy
individuals who
have met their
basic needs
and are free to
be creative and
fulfill their
potentials.
Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning
Person
• Fully functioning
person –
Term for a healthy,
self-actualizing
individual, who has a
self-concept that is
both positive and
congruent with reality.
Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning
Person
• Phenomenal field –
Our psychological reality, composed of
one’s perceptions and feelings.
• Unconditional positive regard –
Love or caring without conditions attached.
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
• Positive psychology –
Movement within psychology
focusing on the desirable aspects of
human functioning, as opposed to an
emphasis on psychopathology.
Bandura: Social Learning
• Observational learning –
Process of learning new
responses by watching the
behavior of others.
BoBo Doll Experiment
Reciprocal Determinism
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
• Process in which the person, situation, and
environment mutually influence each other.
Locus of Control
• Locus of control –
An individual’s sense of where his or her
life influences originate.
– Internal vs. External
• Julian Rotter
What Persistent Patterns are
Found in Personality?
Another approach describes
personality in terms of stable
patterns known as
temperaments, traits, and
types.
Personality (Hippocrates)
• Humors –
Four bodily fluids that, according to
ancient theory, control personality by their
relative abundance.
Blood (cheerful)
Phlegm (cool)
Black Bile
(depressed)
Yellow Bile
(angry)
Personality and Temperament
• Temperament –
Basic, pervasive personality dispositions
that are apparent in early childhood and
establish the tempo and mood of an
individual’s behaviors.
Patterns in Personality
•
The “Big Five” traits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
•
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Cattell identified 16 personality factors
Assessing Traits
• NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
• MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory)
• Reliability and validity are important
attributes of good psychological tests!
The MMPI-2
• 567 True/False
Questions
• Originally developed to
identify psychiatric
disorders.
Sample Questions:
• I have a good appetite.
• Sometimes I like to stir up
some excitement.
• I work under a great deal
of tension.
• I often think people are
watching me.
Description
What is Measured
No. of
Items
Hypochondriasis
Concern with bodily symptoms
32
Depression
Depressive Symptoms
57
Hysteria
Awareness of problems and vulnerabilities
60
Psychopathic
Deviate
Conflict, struggle, anger, respect for society's
rules
50
Masculinity/Femini
nity
Stereotypical masculine or feminine
interests/behaviors
56
Paranoia
Level of trust, suspiciousness, sensitivity
40
Psychasthenia
Worry, anxiety, tension, doubts, obsessiveness
48
Schizophrenia
Odd thinking and social alienation
78
Hypomania
Level of excitability
46
Social Introversion
People orientation
69
Traits and the Person-Situation Debate
• Person-situation
controversy –
Theoretical dispute concerning
the relative contribution of
personality factors and
situational factors in
controlling behavior.
Patterns in Personality
• Type –
Especially important
dimensions or clusters of
traits that are not only
central to a person’s
personality but are found
with essentially the same
pattern in many people.
– Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI)
The Myers-Briggs Test
Characterizes personality on
4 different scales:
1. Extraversion vs Introversion
2. Intuition vs Sensing
3. Feeling vs Thinking
4. Judging vs Perceiving
Implicit Personality Theories
• Implicit personality theories
Assumptions about personality that
are held by people to simplify the task
of understanding others.
• Fundamental attribution error (FAE)
Assumption that another person’s
behavior (especially undesirable
behavior) is the result of a flaw in the
personality, rather than in the
situation.
Personality Across Cultures
• Assumptions people make vary widely
across cultures–depending especially on
whether the culture emphasizes
individualism or collectivism.
• Other cultural differences involve:
– Status of different age groups and sexes
– Romantic love
– Stoicism
– Locus of control
– Thinking vs. feeling