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Social Psychology Social Psychology: Personal Perspectives (Chapter 14) Lecture Outline: Social Cognition Attributions and Biases Impression management Social Cognition: – How we perceive and interpret information from ourselves and others • Cognitive-Consistency Theory: – A match between thoughts and behaviors gives peace of mind. • Conflict leads to cognitive dissonance: – As a student, I accidentally killed a rat, but concluded they would have died soon anyway – Justification of effort: working hard to get an A Self-perception theory • You infer your attitudes from your behaviors • Roommate drags you to hockey games, and you spend your whole time talking, yet you are now a “hockey fan” • A dreary course you suffered through is recommended to a friend • Impression management: Girl Guide cookies at an Apple Blossom tea You are watching these job candidates in the waiting room? Why are they behaving as they are? Attributions: Explanations for behavior • “I don’t want to dance”. Why? – Because I am a loser (personal attribution) – Because they are too wrapped up with their friends (situational attribution) – I didn’t really want to (cognitive dissonance) • Someone bumps you in line. Why? – Because they are an !@?&#!!.. This is a fundamental attribution bias where we overemphasize internal causes behavior Self-serving bias • Internalize success and externalize blame • Winning a hockey game because “we’re a good team”, losing because they were “lucky” or you “did not get the bounces” • Self-handicapping is the opposite, e.g., pass a test because “it was easy”, fail “because I am stupid” How do you form impressions? • You meet someone at a party. You form an initial impression of them. What is your initial impression based on? Impression Formation • Primacy effect: Initial impressions matter – Hard to get over bad start • Confirmation bias: We notice things consistent with our beliefs – Teenagers “hang around and are up to no good” – Leads to self-fulfilling prophecies • Person-positivity bias: Individuals can be regarded more highly than groups