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Transcript
Teaching via Integrative Themes: Use Streamers, not Confetti Susan T. Fiske Princeton University Mardi Gras Problem • Colorful, exciting, & human • Long, rich tradition • But too chaotic? • Student overload: 600 theories • Professor overload: no take-home message • Lots of leftover confetti Themes: Finding Streamers • Big-picture perspectives • • • • Notice patterns Link topics Find gaps See directions • Point of view • Generate discussion • Facilitate student initiatives • Tell a good story • Flows as narrative Find Unifying Themes How many? • 1? • Too broad: e.g., situationism • 20? • Grid problem: 20 themes x 15 chapters • 7 +/- 2 • Memorable Find Unifying Themes Content of themes? • Field itself will tell you • Listen to its message • Tell interested outsiders • Pedagogical responsibility • Represent accurately • Can’t use own theory, own area Find Unifying Themes How evaluate? • Each matters • Each differs • Together cover • Principle underlies Social Psych Example Motives & goals • Cut across all areas • Long tradition • Intuitively accessible Social Beings (Fiske, 2004) • Social adaptation • Other people are relevant niche • Survival within the group • Situationism: Respond to others* • Culture as context • Attuned to learn culture • Variability & similarity Core Social Motives • Method • Review 100 years of motives • Personality & social psychology • Criteria • Consensus • Heuristic • Coherent Core Social Motives • BUC(K)ET • • • • • Belonging Understanding Controlling Enhancing Self Trusting Others • 5 +/- 5 Belonging, Defined • Motive for strong stable relationships • Ease of bonding • Sherif, Festinger, Bowlby, Schachter • Social isolates risk ill health, death • Mortality, immune, cardiovascular risk • Ostracism = death • Survive & thrive in group if motivated Belonging, Illustrated • Close relationships • Attach in dyads • Follow relationship norms • Helping • Keep collective identity & norms • Groups • Seek, join, identify, & conform Belonging, Illustrated • • • • Close relationships Helping Groups Also • • • • Attitudes (express identity) Self (self-present) Prejudice (define ingroup-outgroup) Social influence (conform) Belonging: Social Beings • All maintain relationships • What does it motivate here, now? • Cultures vary • Collectivist: stable networks • Individualist: flexible autonomy • Underlies other 4 motives Belonging: Core of Core Cognitive Affective • Understanding • Enhancing Self • Controlling • Trusting Others Understanding, Defined • Motive to share meaning & prediction • Thinking is for (social) doing • James, Gestaltists, Jones, Kelley • Deviants endanger coordination • Generate misunderstanding, confusion, inefficiency, pressure, & rejection • Survive & thrive if motivated to match group’s cognition Understanding, Illustrated • Attribution • Understanding intent, traits, feelings • Social cognition • Heuristics, mental representations • Self • Self-concept & self-verification • Attitudes • Object appraisal, persuasion Understanding, Illustrated • • • • • Attribution Social cognition Self Attitudes Also • • • • Attraction (similar, easily understood) Prejudice (dissimilar, novel) Aggression (hostile attribution) Social influence (via information) Understanding: Social Beings • All maintain shared meaning • What does it motivate here, now? • Cultures vary • Collectivist flexibility • Individualist honesty • One of 2 cognitive motives Controlling, Defined • Motive to perceive contingency between behavior & outcomes • Seek pattern of reinforcements • White, Skinner, Adams, Walster • Lack of control risks ill health • Depression & learned helplessness • Survive & thrive if motivated to be effective in group context Controlling, Illustrated • Social cognition • Belief in control (esp. thoughts) • Close relationships • Mutual control in interdependence • Aggression • Frustrated control • Prejudice • Controlling outgroup threat Controlling, Illustrated • • • • • Social cognition Close relationships Aggression Prejudice Also • Attributions (personal control) • Helping (egoistic control) • Social influence (obedience & compliance) Controlling: Social Beings • All maintain sense of effectance • What does it motivate here, now? • Cultures vary • Collectivist group harmony control • Individualist personal control • One of 2 cognitive motives Enhancing Self, Defined • Motive to see self as worthy or improvable • Self-esteem as key to well-being • Freud, Maslow, Sullivan, Rosenberg • Low self-esteem risks • Mental & physical health • Relationships • Survive & thrive in group if motivated to enhance self (sociometer) Enhancing Self, Illustrated • Self • Self-esteem biases • Attraction • Similarity, reciprocity, looks • Prejudice • Subtle bias, ingroup favoritism Enhancing Self, Illustrated • • • • Self Attraction Prejudice Also • Attribution (defensive biases) • Helping (egoism) • Aggression (narcissistic rage) Enhancing Self: Social Beings • All enhance self relative to others • What does it motivate here, now? • Cultures vary: • Collectivist modesty, self-improvement • Individualist pride • One of 2 affective motives Trusting, Defined • Motive to view others as benign • Benevolent world • Rogers, Maslow, Sears, Taylor • Distrust harms sociality • Survive & thrive when motivated to expect positivity Trusting, Illustrated • Social cognition • Positivity bias • Close relationships • Attachment, interdependence • Groups • Loyalty Trusting, Illustrated • • • • Social cognition Close relationships Groups Also • Helping (altruism) • Social influence (obedience) Trusting: Social Beings • All motivate to see positivity • What does it motivate here, now? • Cultures vary: • Collectivist: trust closest ingroup • Individualist: trust generalized other • Last of 2 affective motives Social Beings • Social adaptationist view • Sensitivity to social situation • Core social motives • • • • • Belonging Understanding Controlling Enhancing self Trusting • Cultures vary Integrative Themes: Streamers, Not Confetti • Tell a good story • • • • • Unity Narrative flow Memory aid Coherence Organization • Intellectual challenge • Practical & useful Thank you
