Download 9 - UTRGV Faculty Web

Management Function
Directing
Dr. John Abraham
Professor
UTPA
Directing



Most complex of the management
functions
Effective communication
Providing leadership
Administrative communication




Sender – receiver – channel –symbols
Communicator – listener – communication
channel – verbal or other symbols.
Effective communication can be judged by
behavior changes in the receiver.
Feedback.
Who communicated better? Obama?
McCain? Why?
Miscommunication



Undesired behavior in the receiver.
A wife asks the husband, “How do I look
in this dress?” the response makes her
cry. Discuss this.
Similar examples, My fair lady – Elisa
Dolittle.
Psychological factors of
communication


Identify objectives – if the sender does
not know what behavior change is
desired, poor communication takes place.
Sometimes contradictory instruction can
be issued.
Know motivating factors (canned
presentations assume stereotyping)
Human Motivation




Appetizing meal may not be appealing
someone who has just eaten.
Unsatisfied motives guides a persons
behavior.
There are physical, social and psychic
motives.
Abraham Maslow – hierarchy of needs
Physical Motives

Biological needs and urges


Hunger, thirst, physical comfort, sex drive.
Airconditioned room, absence of physical
hazards, good food.
Lower income people can be motivated
with physical motives.
Social Motives




Belonging to a group (social club, popular
group)
Pleasant work companions
Friendly supervisor
Jobs that are of high status
Psychic motives



Adds to the self-worth
Helping others
Working independently
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs





physological
Safety
Love/belonging
Esteem
Self actualization
Morale



High morale leads to high productivity
Productivity results when the
organizational and personal goals can be
integrated.
Satisfying personal goals leads to positive
motivation
Leadership


Based on reward rather than threat raises
morale.
High productivity may be achieved with
threat, however it is short lived.
Two types of leadership:


Manager assumes average human being has
an inherent dislike for work and avoid it if he
can (lazy). Wants to be directed. Only
coersion is the motivating factor. Meeting of
physical needs is motivation.
Work is as natural as play. Self motivated to
work. A manager encourages to develop and
utilize knowledge, skills and ingenuity of the
employee.
Lead


Demand following (dictatorship)
Follow
Leaders






Born or learned?
Story of railroad here.
Intelligence, communication skill and
ability to assess group goals.
Different leadership styles at different
levels of organization
Centralized or decentralized authority
Authoritarian or democratic
Six elements of a motivation
program
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Establish appropriately difficult goals
Remove obstacles (personal and
organizational)
Use rewards and discipline appropriately
Provide incentives
Distribute rewards equitably
Provide timely rewards and specific
honest feedback.