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Psychology 307:
Cultural Psychology
Lecture 12
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Personality, Group Processes, Relationships,
Interpersonal Attraction, and Love
1. Do trait theories adequately describe personality in
non-Western cultures? (continued)
2. How does culture influence: (a) ingroup-outgroup
relations and (b) conformity to social norms?
2
By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. describe indigenous personality dimensions identified
in the Philippines.
2. summarize the findings of research using emic
measures to assess the validity of the five factor
model in other cultures.
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3. describe how individualism-collectivism (IC) influences
day-to-day interactions and attitudes toward ingroup
and outgroup members.
4. discuss the relationship between IC and conformity.
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Do trait theories adequately describe personality in nonWestern cultures? (continued)
● In contrast to McCrae and Terracciano (2005), other
researchers have administered indigenously
developed measures to participants in other cultures:
 Church et al. (1997):
 Developed an indigenous measure of personality in the
Philippines.
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 The researchers:
(a) identified 6,900 trait adjectives in the Filipino language
dictionary.
(b) reduced the list of trait adjectives by eliminating
synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states,
and unfamiliar terms.
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(c) administered the reduced list to participants using
self-report questionnaires.
(d) factor analyzed participants’ responses in order to
identify groups of highly inter-correlated items.
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 They found 7 groups of inter-correlated items or
dimensions underlying the trait adjectives. They
labeled the dimensions: Gregariousness, Selfassurance, Concern for others vs. egotism,
Conscientiousness, Intellect, Temperamentalness, and
Negative valence
The first 5 of these dimensions are highly correlated
with E, N, A, C, and O, respectively:
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Correlations between Church et al.’s (1997)
Filipino Dimensions of Personality and the Big 5
Filipino
Dimension
E
N
A
C
O
Gregariousness
.66**
.03
-.13**
-.37**
.10**
Self-Assurance
.31**
-.58**
.13**
.24**
.36**
Concern for others
vs. Egotism
-.03
-.17**
.81**
.56**
.10**
Conscientiousness
-.35**
-.20**
.59**
.77**
-.01
Intellect
.05
-.26**
.30**
.32**
.56**
**p < .01
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 However, the latter 2 dimensions are not correlated
with the FFM dimensions. These may be
“indigenous Philippine dimensions”:
Temperamentalness: Reflects emotional reactivity.
E.g., hot-headed and irritable vs. calm and
understanding.
Negative valence: Reflects social deviance. E.g.,
crazy and sadistic vs. normal and loving.
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● Research using indigenous measures derived from
other languages (e.g., Chinese, Spanish, Greek)
suggests that there may be more than 5 dimensions
underlying personality in other non-English speaking
countries.
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How does culture influence ingroup-outgroup relations?
● Ingroup: A group of people with whom one shares
a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity
(i.e., “us”).
● Outgroup: A group of people with whom one
perceives dissimilarity or a lack of familiarity (i.e.,
“them”).
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● Theorists believe that individualism leads people to
develop relatively low levels of commitment towards
ingroups and to view the ingroup-outgroup distinction
as fluid.
● In contrast, collectivism leads people to develop
relatively high levels of commitment towards ingroups
and to view the ingroup-outgroup distinction as stable.
● Evidence that indicates that cultures promote distinct
ingroup-outgroup relations:
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(a) Day-to-day interactions:
● Example: Wheeler, Reis, and Bond (1989)
 Recruited participants from the U.S. and China.
 Had participants complete the Rochester
Interaction Record (RIR).
 The RIR requires that participants record details
related to social interactions of 10 minutes or more.
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Sample Copy of a Rochester Interaction Record
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 Found that:
(i)
Chinese (mean = 3.43) had fewer social
interactions per day than Americans (mean = 6.98).
(ii) Chinese (mean = 29.2%) had a higher proportion of
“group” interactions than Americans (mean = 16.7%).
(iii) Chinese (e.g., mean same sex = 14.8) had fewer
interaction partners than the Americans (e.g., mean
same sex = 22.4).
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(iv) the interactions of the Chinese (mean = 61 min)
were of longer duration than the interactions of the
Americans (mean = 53).
(v)
Chinese were more likely to describe their
interactions as task-focused, whereas Americans
were more likely to describe their interactions as
recreational (e.g., “pastime”).
(vi) Chinese reported higher levels of self- and otherdisclosure in their interactions than Americans.
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(b) Attitudes towards ingroup and outgroup members:
● Example: Triandis, McCusker, and Hui (1990)
 Recruited participants from the U.S. and China.
 Had participants rate their “social distance” from 20
stimuli (e.g., their father, their closest friend).
 Had participants indicate how appropriate they
believed subordinate, superordinate, and dissociative
behaviours are when interacting with each stimulus:
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Relationship Between Subordinate Behaviour
and Social Distance
*
* PRC = People’s Republic of China
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Relationship Between Superordinate Behaviour
and Social Distance
* PRC = People’s Republic of China
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Relationship Between Dissociative Behaviour
and Social Distance
* PRC = People’s Republic of China
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How does culture influence conformity to social norms?
● For several decades, researchers have been
interested in identifying the factors that lead people to
conform to social norms.
● The most influential research examining these
factors was conducted by Asch (1951):
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Asch’s Line Judgment Task
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 Across several studies using this task, Asch found that
American participants agreed with the group’s incorrect
response (i.e., conformed) in 37% of trials.
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 Subsequent research demonstrated that conformity
was greatest when:
(a) the group was relatively large.
(b) the group provided a unanimous incorrect response.
(c) the participant admired, liked, or felt a sense
cohesiveness or similarity among group members.
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● Theorists believe that individualism promotes a
resistance to conformity, whereas collectivism
promotes a tendency toward conformity.
● Bond and Smith (1996) conducted a meta-analysis of
studies examining IC and conformity:
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 133 experiments were included in the meta-analysis:
97 were conducted in the U.S., 1 was conducted in
Canada, the remaining were conducted outside of
North America (e.g., Brazil, Fiji, Ghana, Hong Kong,
Japan, Kuwait, Zimbabwe).
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 Examined:
(a) differences in conformity across individualistic
cultures and collectivistic cultures.
(b) changes in conformity across time in the U.S.
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 Found:
(a) a negative relation between individualism and
conformity.
(b) a negative relation between date of publication and
conformity in the U.S. studies.
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Personality, Group Processes, Relationships,
Interpersonal Attraction, and Love
1. Do trait theories adequately describe personality in
non-Western cultures? (continued)
2. How does culture influence: (a) ingroup-outgroup
relations and (b) conformity to social norms?
30