Download Endocrine System - McGraw Hill Higher Education

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Medical Assisting
Chapter 32
Second Edition
Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker
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1
The Endocrine System
Objectives
32-1
32-2
32-3
32-4
Describe the general functions of the endocrine system.
Compare the endocrine and exocrine glands.
Define hormone.
Describe the locations of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and
gonads.
32-5 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland and give
the functions of each.
32-6 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and
parathyroid glands, and give the functions of each.
2
The Endocrine System
Objectives (cont.)
32-7 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give
the functions of each.
32-8 List the hormones released by the pancreas and give the
functions of each.
32-9 List the hormones released by the thymus and gonads,
and give the function of each.
32-10 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of
various endocrine disorders.
3
The Endocrine System

The endocrine system includes the organs of
the body that secrete hormones directly into
body fluids such as blood.
bloodstream
glands
secrete
into
to
hormones
target tissues
4
Hormones



Hormones are chemicals secreted by a cell that
affects the functions of other cells.
Many hormones are derived from steroids that can
easily cross the cell membrane .
Examples of steroid hormones:




Estrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone
Cortisol
hormones
5
Hormones (cont.)

Nonsteroid Hormones




Made of amino acids or
proteins
Cannot cross the cell
membrane with ease
Binds to receptors on
the surface of the cells
G-protein is usually
activated by the
hormone-receptor
complex.

Prostaglandins





Local hormones
Derived from lipid
molecules
Typically do not travel
into the blood stream
Target tissues are located
close by
Produced by organs such
as the:
 Kidneys  Uterus
 Heart
 Brain
 Stomach
6
Pituitary Gland




This gland is located at the base of the brain and is
controlled by the hypothalamus.
A bony structure called the sella turcica protects the
pituitary gland.
The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary
gland.
The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes:
 Anterior Lobe
 Posterior Lobe
7
Pituitary Gland
Growth Hormone
Stimulates increase
in size of muscles
and bones.
Luteinizing
Prolactin
Anterior
Lobe
Stimulates ovulation in females and estrogen
production. Stimulates production of
testosterone in males
Stimulates milk
production
Thyroidstimulating
Stimulates the thyroid
gland to release its
hormones.
Follicle-stimulating
Adrenocorticotrophic
Stimulates the adrenal
cortex to release its
hormones
In females stimulates estrogen
production and maturation of the
ova. In males, it stimulates sperm
8
production.
Pituitary Gland (cont.)
Antidiuretic Hormone
Stimulates the
kidneys to
conserve water
Oxytocin
Posterior
Lobe
In females causes
contraction of
the uterus and
ejection of breast
milk.
9
Apply Your Knowledge
The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to
administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you
inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and
other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer
this patient’s question?
a. Hormones do not affect any cells.
b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern.
c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.
10
Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to
administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once
you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm
and other body parts?” Which of the following would best
answer this patient’s question?
a. Hormones do not affect any cells.
b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern.
c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.
11
Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid Gland
• Located below the larynx
• Is covered by a capsule
• Is divided into follicles that store some of the hormones
Major Hormones
T3 T4
Stimulate protein synthesis and
increase cellular energy production
Lowers blood calcium levels by
activating osteoblasts
12
Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid
Glands (cont.)
 Most people have four parathyroid glands
 These glands are located on the posterior surface of the
thyroid gland.
 They secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone acts to raise the blood calcium
levels by activating osteoclasts.
13
Adrenal Glands


Located on top of each kidney
Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal
cortex
Adrenal Medulla
• central portion
• secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• secretions prepare the body
for the stress response
Adrenal Cortex
• outermost portion
• aldosterone and cortisol
are the main two hormones
secreted
14
Pancreas



Located behind the stomach
Considered as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Contains structures known as islets of Langerhans
which secretes insulin and glucagon
Blood glucose
concentrations
Protein synthesis
Blood glucose
concentrations
Protein synthesis
15
Apply Your Knowledge
A surgical patient is considered to have experienced
physical external stress. All of the following are
symptoms associated with stress except:
a. Increased blood pressure
b. Decreased blood glucose
c. Increased heart rate
16
Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
A surgical patient is considered to have experienced
physical external stress. All of the following are
symptoms associated with stress except:
a. Increased blood pressure
b. Decreased blood glucose
c. Increased heart rate
17
Other Hormone Producing Organs
The Pineal Body
The Thymus Gland
• Located between the cerebral • Located between the lungs
hemispheres
• Secretes thymosin
• Secretes melatonin
The Gonads
Other Sites
• Ovaries and testes
• Ovaries release estrogen
and progesterone
• Testes produce testosterone
• Stomach produces gastrin
• Small intestines release secretin
and cholecystokinin
• Heart secretes atrial natriuretic
peptide
• Kidneys secrete erythropoietin
18
The Stress Response
A stressor is any stimulus that produces stress.
 Physical Factors  Psychological Factors  Positive Factors
The body’s response consist of a group of reactions called the
general stress syndrome which is caused by the release of
hormones.
 Heart rate  Breathing rate
 Blood pressure Glucose levels
19
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System

Causes


Signs and Symptoms




Increased productions of the growth hormone or a tumor.
Enlargement of skull, and hands and feet bones
Thickening of the skin
Headache, fatigue, pain, weight gain, heart disease
Treatment



Medications to decrease growth hormone production
Radiation therapy
Surgery
20
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes


Signs and Symptoms


Specific causes unknown but may be due to cancer, or an
autoimmune dysfunction
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, weight loss, muscle pain,
vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration
Treatment


Corticosteriods
Medications or hormones to balance sodium and
potassium levels
21
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes



Signs and Symptoms


Excessive production of ACTH (adrenal gland tumor)
Long-term use of steriods
Round or full face, hump of fat between the shoulders,
fatigue, thin arms and legs with large abdomen, high
blood pressure, high blood glucose levels
Treatment


Lifestyle changes
Radiation and surgery for tumor removal
22
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes



Signs and Symptoms


High blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination,
increased appetite, blurred vision, slow wound healing, weight loss,
foot problems, impotence in men
Treatment



Decreased or absent production of insulin by the pancreas
Obesity, high blood pressure, pregnancy, high cholesterol levels
Insulin (injection and oral tablets)
Lifestyle changes
Complications

Kidney disease, blindness, atherosclerosis, amputations
23
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes



Signs and Symptoms


Underproduction of the growth hormone
Trauma to pituitary gland or pituitary tumor
Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or
palate, delayed puberty, headache, frequent
urination, thirst
Treatment

Administer supplemental growth hormone
24
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes


Signs and Symptoms


Overproduction of the growth hormone or a pituitary
tumor
Very tall height, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial
bones, thick skin, weakness, vision problems
Treatment


Medications to decrease growth hormone levels
Radiation therapy or surgery for tumor
25
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes



Signs and Symptoms


Over production of thyroid hormones
Also considered an autoimmune disorder
Exophthalmos, goiter, insomnia, weight loss, muscle
weakness, increased appetite, vision problems, increased
heart rate
Treatment


Medications
Radiation and surgery to the thyroid gland
26
Common Diseases and Disorders of
the Endocrine System (cont.)

Causes


Signs and Symptoms


Removal of the thyroid gland, neck radiation treatments
and obesity
Weakness, fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin,
general body aches, pale or yellow skin, slow heart rate,
enlarged heart, coma
Treatment


Supplemental thyroid hormones
Close monitoring of thyroid hormone levels
27
Apply Your Knowledge
A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue
and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin
and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to
you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize
this refers to which of the following diseases?
a. Cushing’s disease
b. Addison’s disease
c. Diabetes mellitus
28
Apply Your Knowledge - Answer
A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue
and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin
and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to
you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize
this refers to which of the following diseases?
a. Cushing’s disease
b. Addison’s disease
c. Diabetes mellitus
29
END OF CHAPTER
30