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Transcript
PowerPoint® to accompany Medical Assisting Chapter 32 Second Edition Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 The Endocrine System Objectives 32-1 32-2 32-3 32-4 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system. Compare the endocrine and exocrine glands. Define hormone. Describe the locations of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and gonads. 32-5 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland and give the functions of each. 32-6 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, and give the functions of each. 2 The Endocrine System Objectives (cont.) 32-7 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give the functions of each. 32-8 List the hormones released by the pancreas and give the functions of each. 32-9 List the hormones released by the thymus and gonads, and give the function of each. 32-10 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. 3 The Endocrine System The endocrine system includes the organs of the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood. bloodstream glands secrete into to hormones target tissues 4 Hormones Hormones are chemicals secreted by a cell that affects the functions of other cells. Many hormones are derived from steroids that can easily cross the cell membrane . Examples of steroid hormones: Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Cortisol hormones 5 Hormones (cont.) Nonsteroid Hormones Made of amino acids or proteins Cannot cross the cell membrane with ease Binds to receptors on the surface of the cells G-protein is usually activated by the hormone-receptor complex. Prostaglandins Local hormones Derived from lipid molecules Typically do not travel into the blood stream Target tissues are located close by Produced by organs such as the: Kidneys Uterus Heart Brain Stomach 6 Pituitary Gland This gland is located at the base of the brain and is controlled by the hypothalamus. A bony structure called the sella turcica protects the pituitary gland. The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes: Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe 7 Pituitary Gland Growth Hormone Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones. Luteinizing Prolactin Anterior Lobe Stimulates ovulation in females and estrogen production. Stimulates production of testosterone in males Stimulates milk production Thyroidstimulating Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones. Follicle-stimulating Adrenocorticotrophic Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones In females stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova. In males, it stimulates sperm 8 production. Pituitary Gland (cont.) Antidiuretic Hormone Stimulates the kidneys to conserve water Oxytocin Posterior Lobe In females causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk. 9 Apply Your Knowledge The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer this patient’s question? a. Hormones do not affect any cells. b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern. c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with. 10 Apply Your Knowledge - Answer The medical assistant in a local medical office is about to administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer this patient’s question? a. Hormones do not affect any cells. b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern. c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with. 11 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands Thyroid Gland • Located below the larynx • Is covered by a capsule • Is divided into follicles that store some of the hormones Major Hormones T3 T4 Stimulate protein synthesis and increase cellular energy production Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts 12 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands (cont.) Most people have four parathyroid glands These glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. They secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH) Parathyroid hormone acts to raise the blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts. 13 Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex Adrenal Medulla • central portion • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine • secretions prepare the body for the stress response Adrenal Cortex • outermost portion • aldosterone and cortisol are the main two hormones secreted 14 Pancreas Located behind the stomach Considered as both an endocrine and exocrine gland Contains structures known as islets of Langerhans which secretes insulin and glucagon Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis 15 Apply Your Knowledge A surgical patient is considered to have experienced physical external stress. All of the following are symptoms associated with stress except: a. Increased blood pressure b. Decreased blood glucose c. Increased heart rate 16 Apply Your Knowledge - Answer A surgical patient is considered to have experienced physical external stress. All of the following are symptoms associated with stress except: a. Increased blood pressure b. Decreased blood glucose c. Increased heart rate 17 Other Hormone Producing Organs The Pineal Body The Thymus Gland • Located between the cerebral • Located between the lungs hemispheres • Secretes thymosin • Secretes melatonin The Gonads Other Sites • Ovaries and testes • Ovaries release estrogen and progesterone • Testes produce testosterone • Stomach produces gastrin • Small intestines release secretin and cholecystokinin • Heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide • Kidneys secrete erythropoietin 18 The Stress Response A stressor is any stimulus that produces stress. Physical Factors Psychological Factors Positive Factors The body’s response consist of a group of reactions called the general stress syndrome which is caused by the release of hormones. Heart rate Breathing rate Blood pressure Glucose levels 19 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System Causes Signs and Symptoms Increased productions of the growth hormone or a tumor. Enlargement of skull, and hands and feet bones Thickening of the skin Headache, fatigue, pain, weight gain, heart disease Treatment Medications to decrease growth hormone production Radiation therapy Surgery 20 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms Specific causes unknown but may be due to cancer, or an autoimmune dysfunction Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, weight loss, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration Treatment Corticosteriods Medications or hormones to balance sodium and potassium levels 21 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms Excessive production of ACTH (adrenal gland tumor) Long-term use of steriods Round or full face, hump of fat between the shoulders, fatigue, thin arms and legs with large abdomen, high blood pressure, high blood glucose levels Treatment Lifestyle changes Radiation and surgery for tumor removal 22 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms High blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination, increased appetite, blurred vision, slow wound healing, weight loss, foot problems, impotence in men Treatment Decreased or absent production of insulin by the pancreas Obesity, high blood pressure, pregnancy, high cholesterol levels Insulin (injection and oral tablets) Lifestyle changes Complications Kidney disease, blindness, atherosclerosis, amputations 23 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms Underproduction of the growth hormone Trauma to pituitary gland or pituitary tumor Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or palate, delayed puberty, headache, frequent urination, thirst Treatment Administer supplemental growth hormone 24 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms Overproduction of the growth hormone or a pituitary tumor Very tall height, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial bones, thick skin, weakness, vision problems Treatment Medications to decrease growth hormone levels Radiation therapy or surgery for tumor 25 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms Over production of thyroid hormones Also considered an autoimmune disorder Exophthalmos, goiter, insomnia, weight loss, muscle weakness, increased appetite, vision problems, increased heart rate Treatment Medications Radiation and surgery to the thyroid gland 26 Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Causes Signs and Symptoms Removal of the thyroid gland, neck radiation treatments and obesity Weakness, fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin, general body aches, pale or yellow skin, slow heart rate, enlarged heart, coma Treatment Supplemental thyroid hormones Close monitoring of thyroid hormone levels 27 Apply Your Knowledge A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize this refers to which of the following diseases? a. Cushing’s disease b. Addison’s disease c. Diabetes mellitus 28 Apply Your Knowledge - Answer A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize this refers to which of the following diseases? a. Cushing’s disease b. Addison’s disease c. Diabetes mellitus 29 END OF CHAPTER 30