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Transcript
ENDOCRINE GLANDS Endocrine glands secrete their hormones directly into the blood stream All hormones only affect their Target Organs These organs contain receptor sites on the cell membrane or in the cytoplasm to which the hormone can attach. Cell Receptor Site Hormones are chemical messengers that help regulate cellular activity. FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. It helps with the control and coordination of all activity of the body with the use of hormones -- it is like the Nervous System in this function except: Hormones take longer to produce an action, but action last longer -- help maintain Homeostasis primarily by Negative Feedback 2. Hormones affect: -- our metabolism --our appearance -- our behavior --located on the roof of the Third Ventricle -- decreases in size with age -- secretes Melatonin -- regulates sleep pattern (Circadian Rhythms) -- inhibits gonadotropic hormones (prevents start of puberty) Pineal gland Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamus -- produces the most hormones -- its response is determined by the hypothalamus: which secretes Hypothalamic stimulating or inhibiting hormones 1. Growth Hormone (GH) -- determines height 2. Lactogenic Hormone (LTH) -- Prolactin -- causes mammary glands to develop & produce milk after childbirth Pituitary 3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) -- causes the Thyroid gland to release Thyroxin, the hormone needed to increase metabolism 4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) -- stimulates the adrenal cortex (outer layer of gland) to release its hormones 5. Gonadotropic Hormones --Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteininzing Hormone (LH) -- in women -- FSH & Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH) -- in men Hypothalamus -- Posterior Pituitary stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus 1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) -- Vasopressin -- causes the kidneys to reabsorb more H2O 2. Oxytocin -- also called the Lactation hormone -- causes uterus to contract -- stimulates release of milk when breastfeeding Posterior Pituitary -- located in the neck & is attached to the trachea Thyroid -- produces Thyroxin (T4) -- Iodine is needed to produce thyroxin -- stores Thyroxin as thyroglobulin (T3) & releases it when stimulated by TSH -- has no target organ as affects all cells Low Blood Thyroxin Hypothalamus Level: Slows Metabolism Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone Anterior Pituitary Increase production of TSH Thyroid Gland Increase production of Thyroxin Decrease production of Thyroxin Thyroid Gland Decrease production of TSH Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamic Inhibiting Hormone Hypothalamus Increased Blood Thyroxin Level Increased Metabolism Thyroid Thyroid gland also release the hormone Calcitonin -- it helps regulate the Calcium & Phosphorus levels in the blood -- located in back of the Thyroid gland Thyroid Parathyroid -- produces the Parathyroid Hormone -- promotes formation of Vitamin D which increases absorption of calcium from the kidneys, bowels, & demineralizes the bones Blood Ca+ Levels High Blood Ca+ Level stimulates Thyroid Gland releases Calcitonin Ca+ moved from the blood Low Blood Ca+ Level stimulates Parathyroid Gland Releases Parathyroid Hormone a. into the bone Ca+ removed a. from the bone b. lost from the intestines b. from the intestines c. excreted by the kidneys c. reabsorbed by the kidneys Blood Ca+ level decreased Blood Ca+ level increases -- decrease in size with age -- is the area where T- Lymphocytes (T-Cells) mature Thymus gland -- produces Thymosin which helps with the development & maintenance of the Immune System -- All types of Stress causes the Hypothalamus to stimulate the Adrenal Glands -- Adrenals have 2 parts: Adrenal Gland Cortex & Medulla -- The Adrenal Cortex ( outer portion) is absolutely necessary for life Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex GLUCOCORTICOID (Cortisol) -- Helps us recover from stress -- Decreases the inflammatory response -- Released in response to ACTH MINERALOCORTICOID (Aldosterone) -- Not under the control of the Anterior Pituitary -- Responsible for regulating & maintaining Na+ & K+ levels in the blood. -- Target organ is the kidneys -- causes the retention of sodium & water and the excretion of potassium -- Also secretes small amounts of male & female hormones -- affect on body is slight -- all hormones from the Adrenal Cortex are called Steroids Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla EPINEPHRINE & NOREPINEPHRINE -- Involved with our bodies immediate response to stress -- Helps us cope with situations that we perceive as threatening to our survival (Fight or Flight Syndrome) -- Sympathetic Nervous System Response pulse respirations pupils dilate peristalsis slows -- produces Estrogen & Progesterone -- hormone is called an Androgen -- produces Testosterone Ovaries Testes -- Has 2 types of tissue: 1. One produces & secretes digestive juices into small intestines (Exocrine) 2. Islet of Langerhans (Endocrine) (affects blood sugar levels) -- Insulin(secreted by beta cells) promotes storage of glucose as glycogen Decreases Blood Sugar -- Glucagon (secreted by alpha cells) Pancreas causes glycogen to be converted into glucose Raises Blood Sugar Several Hours after eating Low Blood Sugar Level Pancreas Increased Production of Glucagon Cells break Glycogen into Glucose to be released into blood stream Normal Blood Sugar Level Glucose taken into cells and stored as Glycogen Increased Production of Insulin Pancreas Elevated Blood Sugar Level Eating Food