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THE PARTS OF SPEECH PART OF SPEECH/DEFINITION/EXAMPLES NOUN Names person, place, thing, or idea Examples: poet, Jamaica Kincaid, Egyptians, tribe, nation, Japan, epic, Sundiata, realism PRONOUNS: Takes the place of one or more nouns or pronouns Personal Refers to one(s) speaking (first person), spoken to (second person), spoken about (third person) I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours you, your, yours he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs PROUNOUNS CONT. Reflexive Refers to subject and directs action of verb back to subject myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves Demonstrative Refers to specific one(s) of group this, that, these, those Interrogative Introduces question what, which, who, whom, whose PRONOUNS CONT. Relative Introduces subordinate clause and refers to noun or pronoun outside that clause that, which, who, whom, whose Indefinite Refers to one(s) not specifically named all, any, anyone, both, each, either, everybody, many, none, nothing ADJECTIVES Modifies noun or pronoun by telling what kind, which one, how many, or how much Example: a popular ballad, Indian philosophy, that one, the three young brothers, more time VERB: Shows action or state of being Action Expresses physical or mental activity describe, travel, fight, believe, consider, remember Linking Connects subject with word identifying or describing it appear, be, seem, become, feel, look, smell, sound, taste Helping (Auxiliary) Assists another verb in expressing time, voice, or mood be, have, may, can, shall, must, would INTRANSITIVE VERB a verb that takes no objects or complements Example: The student worked hard for their grade. TRANSITIVE VERB a verb that takes a direct object. Remember, to ask the verb or action in the sentence “what”. If you can answer that questions it means there is a direct object and the verb is transitive. Example: Tom and Bobby drove their cars home. PREPOSITION Relates noun or pronoun to another word about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as at before, behind, below, beside, between, beyond, but, by concerning, considering, despite, down , during except, for from, in, inside, into, like, near, next, of, off, on, onto, opposite, out, outside, over, past, plus, regarding, respecting, round, since, to, than, through, throughout, until, under, with according to, because of, instead CONJUNCTION Joins words or word groups Coordinating Joins words or word groups and often uses a comma for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (think FANBOYS) Correlative A pair of conjunctions that join parallel words or word groups both ... and, either ... or, neither ... nor, not only ... but (also) Subordinating Begins a subordinate clause and connects it to an independent clause although, as if, because, since, so that, unless, when, where, while INTERJECTION Expresses emotion ah, wow, ugh, whew Wow!! I love grammar!! ADVERB Modifies verb, adjective, or adverb by telling how, when, where, or to what Examples: walks slowly, quite different, somewhat boldly, coming here soon THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with the object of the preposition, a word or word group that functions as a noun. Language is the road map of a culture. Don’t judge a book by it’s cover; people too. Gerunds and Gerund Phrases A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund. Example: The frightened rodents avoid putting their plan into action. [Putting their plan into action is the direct object of the verb avoid. Plan is the direct object of the gerund putting. APPOSITIVES AND APPOSITIVE PHRASES An appositive is a noun or a pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or explain it. An appositive phrase consists of an appositive and its modifiers. Rilke was born to German-speaking parents in Prague, the modern capital of the Czech Republic. [The entire phrase the modern capital of the Czech Republic identifies the noun Prague.] Clauses A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject and that is used as part of a sentence. There are two kinds of clauses: the independent clause and the dependent (subordinate) clause. An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence. A dependent (or subordinate) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Sentence types SIMPLE SENTENCE=1 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE COMPOUND SENTENCE=2 OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES COMPLEX SENTENCE=1 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE+1 OR MORE DEPENDENT CLAUSES COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE=2 OR MORE INDEPENDENT CLAUSES+1 OR MORE DEPENDENT CLAUSES SENTENCE PURPOSE Declarative sentence makes a statement and ends in a period. (.) Interrogative sentence asks a questions and ends in a question mark. (?) Imperative sentence gives a command and ends in a period. (.) Exclamatory sentence expresses strong feelings and ends in an exclamation point. (!)