* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download States of Matter
Stöber process wikipedia , lookup
Drug discovery wikipedia , lookup
Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory wikipedia , lookup
Chemical weapon proliferation wikipedia , lookup
Chemical plant wikipedia , lookup
Chemical industry wikipedia , lookup
Thermal spraying wikipedia , lookup
Chemical weapon wikipedia , lookup
Colloidal crystal wikipedia , lookup
Physical organic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Condensed matter physics wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry: A Volatile History wikipedia , lookup
Chemical Corps wikipedia , lookup
Chemical potential wikipedia , lookup
Crystallization wikipedia , lookup
Nanoparticle wikipedia , lookup
Vapor–liquid equilibrium wikipedia , lookup
Size-exclusion chromatography wikipedia , lookup
Stoichiometry wikipedia , lookup
Elementary particle wikipedia , lookup
Safety data sheet wikipedia , lookup
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry wikipedia , lookup
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals wikipedia , lookup
Particle-size distribution wikipedia , lookup
History of chemistry wikipedia , lookup
VX (nerve agent) wikipedia , lookup
Chemical thermodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Sol–gel process wikipedia , lookup
UNIT 3 Targets (I CAN…) : Utilize appropriate scientific vocabulary to explain scientific concepts in this unit. Characterize matter by its chemical and physical properties. Distinguish between extensive and intensive properties and give examples of each. Draw models to represent solids, liquids, and gases. Distinguish among kinetic, potential, and other forms of energy Apply the theory of conservation of matter in balancing chemical reactions. Classify changes of state in terms of endothermic and exothermic processes Classify mixtures as being homogenous or heterogeneous Distinguish among elements, atoms, compounds, and mixtures Distinguish between a chemical and physical change. Demonstrate the conservation of energy in calculations using specific heat capacity. Calculate heat, specific heat capacity, temperature change, or mass of a substance when given the other information. Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Everything around us Chemistry – the study of matter and the changes it undergoes Solids particles vibrate but can’t move around fixed shape fixed volume incompressible Liquids particles can move around but are still close together variable shape fixed volume Virtually incompressible Gases particles can separate and move throughout container variable shape variable volume Easily compressed Vapor = gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or solid at room temperature Plasma particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) gas-like, variable shape & volume stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes II. Properties & Changes in Matter (p.73-79) Extensive vs. Intensive Physical vs. Chemical Physical Property can be observed without changing the identity of the substance Physical properties can be described as one of 2 types: Extensive Property depends on the amount of matter present (example: length) Intensive Property depends on the identity of substance, not the amount (example: scent) Examples: boiling point intensive volume extensive mass extensive density intensive conductivity intensive Derived units = Combination of base units Volume (m3 or cm3 or mL) length length length Or measured using a graduated cylinder Density (kg/m3 or g/cm3 or g/mL) mass per volume 1 cm3 = 1 mL 1 dm3 = 1 L M D= V Mass (g) Δy M D slope Δx V Volume (cm3) An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density of 13.6 g/cm3. Find its mass. GIVEN: WORK: V = 825 cm3 D = 13.6 g/cm3 M=? M = DV M D V M = (13.6 g/cm3)(825cm3) M = 11,220 g M = 11,200 g A liquid has a density of 0.87 g/mL. What volume is occupied by 25 g of the liquid? GIVEN: WORK: D = 0.87 g/mL V=? M = 25 g V=M D M D V V = 25 g = 28.736 mL 0.87 g/mL V = 29 mL Chemical Property describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity Examples: melting point physical flammable chemical density physical magnetic physical tarnishes in air chemical Physical Change changes the form of a substance without changing its identity properties remain the same Examples: cutting a sheet of paper, breaking a crystal, all phase changes Evaporation = Liquid -> Gas Condensation = Gas -> Liquid Melting = Solid -> Liquid Freezing = Liquid -> Solid Sublimation = Solid -> Gas Process that involves one or more substances changing into a new substance Commonly referred to as a chemical reaction New substances have different compositions and properties from original substances Signs of a Chemical Change change in color or odor formation of a gas formation of a precipitate (solid) change in light or heat Examples: rusting iron chemical dissolving in water physical burning a log chemical melting ice physical grinding spices physical Although chemical changes occur, mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction Mass of reactants equals mass of products massreactants = massproducts A+BC In an experiment, 10.00 g of red mercury (II) oxide powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the mass of the oxygen formed in the reaction? GIVEN: WORK: 10.00 g = 9.86 g + moxygen Mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygen Mercury (II) oxide mercury + oxygen Mmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 g Moxygen = (10.00 g – 9.86 Mmercury = 9.86 g Mmercury(II) oxide = 10.00 g Moxygen =? Mmercury = 9.26 Moxygen = 0.74 g Moxygen = ? massreactants = massproducts g) III. Classification of Matter (pp. 80-87) Matter Flowchart Pure Substances Mixtures MATTER yes Can it be physically separated? MIXTURE yes Is the composition uniform? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) no PURE SUBSTANCE no Heterogeneous Mixture yes Can it be chemically decomposed? Compound no Element Examples: graphite element pepper hetero. mixture sugar (sucrose) compound paint hetero. mixture soda solution Element composed of identical atoms EX: copper wire, aluminum foil Compound composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio properties differ from those of individual elements EX: table salt (NaCl) Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances. Heterogeneous Homogeneous Solution homogeneous very small particles particles don’t settle EX: rubbing alcohol Heterogeneous medium-sized to large-sized particles particles may or may not settle EX: milk, freshsqueezed lemonade Examples: Answers: tea Solution muddy water Heterogeneous fog Heterogeneous saltwater Solution Italian salad dressing Heterogeneous