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Mood Disorders In any given 1-year period, 9.5% of the population, or about 18.8 million American adults, suffer from a depressive illness. depression • A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts. • It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. • Nearly everyone will experience at least some type of mild depression in their life often due to some external sad event. • A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away. • People with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression. symptoms of depression Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness Loss of interest in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed Decreased energy, fatigue, being "slowed down" Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisions Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Changes in appetite and weight loss or weight gain Thoughts of death or suicide; suicide attempts Restlessness, irritability Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain types of mood disorders Major Depressive Disorder Combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime. 5 (or more) of the symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period Dysthmia A less severe type of Depressed mood fordepression, most of thedysthymia, day, for involves long-term, symptoms more days than not,chronic as indicated eitherthat by do not disable,account but keeporone from functioning well subjective observation by others, or feeling good. Less Manysevere people than with major forfrom at least 2 years. dysthymia also experience major depressive depressive disorder. episodes at some time in their lives. gender differences in rates of depression Women experience depression about twice as often as men. Although men are less likely to suffer from depression than women, 3 to 4 million men in the United States are affected by the illness. Men are less likely to admit to depression, and doctors are less likely to suspect it. The rate of suicide in men is four times that of women, though more women attempt it. In fact, after age 70, the rate of men's suicide rises, reaching a peak after age 85. Gender and Depression 25 Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life Around the world women are more susceptible to depression 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 USA Edmonton Puerto Rico Males Females Paris West Florence Beirut Germany Taiwan Korea New Zealand Gender and Depression 10% Percentage depressed 8 Females 6 4 Males 2 0 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years explaining depression Psychoanalytic (Freud w/ childhood Social-cognitive experiences and unconscious impulses.) “attributional theory” Significant losses are a reminder of childhood loss. the depressed person tends to think: Unresolved anger toward our parents inward against ourselves. Biological Norepinephrine Serotonin (people suffering from depression tend to have low levels of both of these neurotransmitters) •Genetics •(if an identical twin suffers from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder the chances that the other twin will experience symptoms is higher than those with a fraternal twin who is suffering) internal ("it's my fault"), stable ("things can't change") global ("this affects everything“) Behavioral Learned helplessness symptoms of bipolar disorder Cycling mood changes: severe highs (mania) and lows (depression) Mania often affects thinking, judgment, and social behavior in ways that cause serious problems and embarrassment. Mania, left untreated, may worsen to a psychotic state. Symptoms of Mania: Abnormal or excessive elation Overactive / overtalkative Unusual irritability Decreased need for sleep Grandiose notions Increased talking Racing thoughts Increased sexual desire Markedly increased energy Poor judgment Inappropriate social behavior Seasonal Affective Disorder • regularly occurring symptoms of depression (excessive eating and sleeping, weight gain) during the fall or winter months • full remission from depression occur in the spring and summer months • symptoms have occurred in the past two years, with no non-seasonal depression episodes • seasonal episodes substantially outnumber non-seasonal depression episodes. • a craving for sugary and/or starchy foods CAUSE OF SADDNESS? Melatonin is normally released by the pineal gland in the evening as sunlight is diminishing. Melatonin causes us to feel tired and withdraw. This helps us to sleep, but if we have to be awake when melatonin is in our system, we become lethargic, disoriented, irritable and moody. Almost everyone with a mood disorder suffers worse in the winter because of excess melatonin in his or her system.