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Abnormal Behavior Definition Actions, thoughts, and feelings harmful to a person or others; experiencing discomfort enough to not function Continuity hypothesis Insanity and mental illness terms should not be used Discontinuity hypothesis Only strong terms can accurately portray true nature of abnormal behavior Abnormal Behavior Supernatural theories Resulted in more harmful treatments like exorcism, drinking foul concoctions, witches put to death (mostly women) Biological theories Ancient Greece: four humors of body 1800s: bacteria, syphilis, and penicillin Made effective drug therapies possible Abnormal Behavior Psychological theories Pythagoras: psychological factors like stress caused problems Freud revived the theory; able to compete with supernatural and biological approaches Model of unconscious conflicts Abnormal Behavior The DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s manual Multi-axial system of classifications Axis I: Clinical disorders Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation Axis III: General medical conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V: Global assessment of functioning Abnormal Behavior Abnormal behavior stigmatized – negative perceptions associated with it (frightening, uncomfortable, or viewed as dangerous) Can make mental health problems worse Can prevent afflicted persons from seeking treatment Why stigmatize? Unwillingness to let others see one’s flaws and weaknesses? Abnormal Behavior Not guilty by reason of insanity Competence to stand trial Hinckley trial in 1982 Insane: at time of conduct, person had disease or defect, lacked substantial capacity to know act was wrong or broke a law Insanity: cannot understand trial proceedings Involuntary commitment Person poses danger to self or others Abnormal Behavior Anxiety Disorders Excessive levels of kinds of negative emotions Uncomfortable and disruptive levels of anxiety Affects women more than men Phobias Intense, unrealistic or irrational fear Specific phobia (least disruptive), social phobia, agoraphobia (most impairing) Abnormal Behavior Generalized anxiety disorder Free-floating anxiety (usually relatively mild) No periods of calm experienced Vague, uneasy sense of tension Panic anxiety disorder Intensely uncomfortable attacks of anxiety Extremely sensitive to small bodily changes Attack causes exaggerated bodily reactions Abnormal Behavior Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Affects soldiers from Vietnam, Operation Desert Storm, and Iraqi wars; also Nazi death camp and prison camp survivors) Suffering severe reactions years after traumatic event (some recover, some get worse over time) Experiences include: Dreams with horror Intense emotional bodily reactions Difficulty concentrating or sleeping Abnormal Behavior Combat-related events Sudden death of loved one Involved in or witnessing accidents Physical assault, rape, sexual molestation experienced by women Terrorism experiences Abnormal Behavior Four factors involved Severity of stress Risk increased when physical injury occurs Person’s characteristics before event Affects those with higher anxiety levels, lower intelligence, previous mental health problems Social support More support lessens risk Sex of the victim Women more at risk Abnormal Behavior Definitions Obsessions – continuous anxiety-provoking thoughts Compulsions – irresistible urges to engage in behaviors Two separate disorders; often found together in same person Abnormal Behavior Experiencing symptoms of physical health problems with psychological causes Four types Somatization disorders – intensely and chronically uncomfortable conditions Hypochondriasis – preoccupation with health Conversion disorders – symptoms not medically possible Somatoform pain disorders – primary symptom is pain with no physical cause Abnormal Behavior Broad category of loosely related conditions Four kinds Depersonalization – distorted, unreal feelings Dissociative amnesia – psychological cause Dissociative fugue – complete loss of memory Dissociative identity disorder – once known as multiple personality disorder; very controversial issue Abnormal Behavior Two forms Depression Major depression - episodic disorder, quite common, often mild but takes its toll Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality Bipolar disorder (depression and mania) Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic influences Cognitive factors – negative views of self Abnormal Behavior Two forms Depression Major depression - episodic disorder, quite common, often mild but takes its toll Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic influences Cognitive factors – negative views of self Probability of developing major depression for the first time in a given year .025 Females Males .020 .015 .010 .005 .000 0 7 17 27 37 47 Years 57 67 77 87 Abnormal Behavior Ethnic and gender differences in depression and suicide Women more at risk for depression Depressed persons more at risk for suicide American Indians have highest rate of suicide African Americans have lowest rate and Hispanic groups have second lowest rate (rates vary among Hispanic subgroups) White women have highest rate of females African American Non-Hispanic white Asian/Pacific Islanders American Indian % deaths due to suicide 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Percent of deaths due to suicide among different raceethnic groups in the U.S. Abnormal Behavior Alternating irregular periods of severe depression and mania Mania – mood disturbance in which person experiences a high, intense euphoria High self-esteem, unrealistic optimism Psychotic distortion during episodes; damaging or extreme behavior Occurs in multiple episodes; cause unknown Abnormal Behavior Uncommon disorder affecting more men than women Can appear gradually or with sudden break Characterized by 3 types of serious problems Delusions and hallucinations Disorganized thinking, emotions, behavior Reduced enjoyment and interests Causes: genetic and environment Abnormal Behavior Subtypes Paranoid schizophrenia False beliefs, delusions (grandeur, paranoia, persecution), hallucinations Disorganized schizophrenia Delusions, hallucinations, cognitive processes highly disorganized or fragmented Extreme social withdrawal Abnormal Behavior Subtypes Catatonic schizophrenia May have delusions and hallucinations; most abnormalities in social interaction, body posture and movement (waxy flexibility in stupors) Abnormal Behavior Characterized by paranoid delusions of grandeur and persecution Dangerous because of believability of delusions Reverand Jim Jones and Jonestown deaths David Koresh and Waco (TX) deaths Abnormal Behavior • Inattention symptoms – – – – – – Cannot focus Fails to see details Careless mistakes Highly distractible Incomplete tasks Often loses items Does not listen Dislikes/avoids focused tasks Often forgetful Disorganized Abnormal Behavior • Hyperactivity-impulsivity – Often fidgets or squirms when seated – Often leaves seat when should remain seated – Runs/climbs excessively – Difficulty engaging in play/leisure quietly – Often interrupts/intrudes Often on-the-go; driven like a motor Talks excessively Blurts out answers before question is finished Can’t wait for turn Abnormal Behavior Schizoid personality disorder Blunted emotions, social withdrawal, but no serious cognitive disturbances Antisocial personality disorder Feel little guilt, exploit others, frequent violation of social rules and laws Difficulty with personal relationships Low tolerance for frustration, lie easily/skillfully Abnormal Behavior Schizotypal personality disorder Paranoid personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Borderline personality disorder Avoidant personality disorder Dependent personality disorder Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Abnormal Behavior